{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title":"时间社会学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303096213","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","id":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","uuid":"cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title":"时间社会学","normalized_title":"时间社会学","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303096213","isbns":["9787303096213","0333440927"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":302,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cd687a16-ff79-40f8-a0cc-84b63e8e697f/search"},"page":{"printed_page":199,"pdf_page":245,"physical_index":245,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"514e1c80da6f8e9c3016cb855106387cb1cbcb2e02fce232dce353463b2f3a6d"},"chapter":"第十二章 时间观与社会结构","content":"贝特尔海姆（Bettelheim）在其关于集中营囚犯的研究中也有对这种精神过程的有趣的描述：“囚犯在集中营中待的时间越久，他的白日梦越不真实；以至于那些老囚犯的希望和期望通常都是末世论的或者是对救世主的期望或信念所激起的。”②\n\n如果要求现在得不到满足，通过行动改变未来的可能性似乎也并不存在，一种千禧年主义的时间观出现的条件就满足了。于是，行动不再需要计划和展望，因为未来被看作是涌现出来的，它不依赖于行动的个体（act-ing individuals）的意图。就像劳伦斯·K. 弗兰克（Lawrence K. Frank）的争辩，未来可能“太遥远了，以至于丧失了它对现在的所有效力”。③\n\n类型Ⅳ：个体主义的、消极的；享乐主义的时间观\n\n尽管沉浸于千禧年美景和满足愿望的幻想的人们看上去已经丧失了积极谋划和事先准备或者计划的意识，但是他们仍然具有团体归属感……而类型Ⅳ涉及了另外一些人，他们既不能以一贯的方式行事也不能和他人实现持久的联合。他们完全没有未来意识，沉浸于此时此地的完成行为之中；他们不把现在看作是未来的准备阶段的或者是对未来有帮助的。就像劳伦斯·K.弗兰克所说，“关注焦点越直接，就越容易有完成行为，越容易做出幼稚的反应，越容易忽视后果”。④在这一类型中，我们会发现一些边缘性社会类别，像无业游民、乞丐、流浪汉。他们的生活方式使他们无法成为任何团体的成员，每天都逍遥自在地生活着。⑤\n\n第十二章时间观与社会结构\n\n① Piaget. J. (1926) La Representation du Monde, Paris: Alcan.\n\n② Bettelheim, B. (1947)“Individual and Mass Behaviour in Extreme Conditions\", in T. M. Newcomb and E. L. Hartley (eds), Readings in Social Psychology, New York: Holt, 1947, p. 635.\n\n③ Frank, I. K. (1948) Society and the Patient , New Brunswick, N. J. : Rutgers University Press, p. 344.\n\n④ Frank, L. K. (1948) Society and the Patient. p. 344.\n\n⑥ 参见 Anderson, N.(1923) The Hobo, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Orwell, G. (1954) Doun and Out in London and Paris , New York: Permabooks; Bedarick, K. (1957) The Young Worker of Today , Glencoe, III: Free Press.\n\n199","previous_page":198,"next_page":200}