{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32","title":"Migrant Labour in the Gig Economy The Intersection of Migrant Labour, Platform Capitalism, and Resistance","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9783031912610","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32","id":"ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32","uuid":"ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32","title":"Migrant Labour in the Gig Economy The Intersection of Migrant Labour, Platform Capitalism, and Resistance","normalized_title":"migrantlabourinthegigeconomytheintersectionofmigrantlabourplatformcapitalismandresistance","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9783031912610","isbns":["9783031912610","9783031912627"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":270,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Migrant%20Labour%20in%20the%20Gig%20Economy%20The%20Intersection%20of%20Migrant%20Labour%2C%20Platform%20Capitalism%2C%20and%20Resistance","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ce325a04-5bc9-4819-a776-439d90410b32/search"},"page":{"printed_page":47,"pdf_page":62,"physical_index":62,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"084c61aa0226f532eec4ced62d9d5f6654f8113435223cf937c74d218ed87bff"},"chapter":"Dynamics ofVirtual Work","content":"According to an interviewed union leader: “Subcontractors serve as a parasitic mechanism to reduce platform fees for food delivery workers, leading to competition between freelancers and subcontracted delivery workers, who are typically migrants”.\n\nSubcontracting practices and undeclared work are not restricted to food delivery services. Such employer strategies are also emerging in other industries and professions in both urban and rural areas. In this context, migrant work in the Greek gig economy does not differentiate much from traditional employer practices in the conventional economy. This situation is related to the broader deregulation of industrial relations and the opening up of competition by the entry of platforms in the market. For example, changes in the legislation of holding occupational licences and the rise of platforms like Uber in the Greek market gave many migrants the option to be employed as taxi drivers without the necessary credentials and controls for doing this job.\n\nAs a rank-and-file activist of the biggest taxi drivers’ association explained: “On platforms, many migrants can’t even speak Greek, unlike in radio taxis where taxi drivers know each other”. He went on to argue: “95% or even 100% ofall migrants working as taxi drivers collaborate with digital platforms because most ofthem are not taxi owners but independent contractors working with taxi owners. Platforms have also led to the rise of unlicensed taxi ride-sharing in the tourism sector. Both Greeks and migrants are involved in taxi piracy through the use of ride-hailing platforms, often finding these jobs by word ofmouth”.\n\nLoopholes in legislation and a disorganized market create job opportunities for migrants, but they also risk increasing precarity and informality in work regulation. In some cases, they result in severe exploitation, as we discussed earlier with the subcontracted food delivery workers.\n\nAs an interviewed senior manager of a big agricultural cooperative mentioned: “In the beginning, we had Polish agricultural workers, who eventually moved to Australia. Then came Albanian workers, followed by Romanian and Bulgarian immigrants, most of whom went to Germany and the UK. Now, most of our migrant workers are undocumented Pakistanis, who often move on to places like Italy because they can get visas more easily there. Their living conditions are extreme, with bad employers and numerous criminal networks within their communities exploiting them. The average daily compensation for farming workers is between 35 to 45\n\n2 MIGRANT LABOUR IN THE GREEK GIG ECONOMY\n\n47","previous_page":46,"next_page":48}