{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb","title":"智慧的疆界 从图灵机到人工智能","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787111778004","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb","id":"cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb","uuid":"cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb","title":"智慧的疆界 从图灵机到人工智能","normalized_title":"智慧的疆界从图灵机到人工智能","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787111778004","isbns":["9787111778004","9787111695714"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":456,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%96%86%E7%95%8C%20%E4%BB%8E%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/cf76bc49-7e9b-4f42-bee8-3050a9fb9feb/search"},"page":{"printed_page":421,"pdf_page":436,"physical_index":436,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"86f1efa432493d81eec5ee4f0ce8a42c30806a5aadb793b423f0143d1ff0a884"},"chapter":"内容简介","content":"1982 年 约翰·霍普菲尔德（John Hopfield）发明了 Hopfield 神经网络，这被视为近代神经网络的开端。近代的贝叶斯网络（Bayesian Network）、自组织映射（Self-Organized Map）也是在这一年被提出的。\n\n1983 年 纽厄尔在卡内基梅隆大学发布了认知架构“ Soar”（State，Operator And Result），Soar 源于纽厄尔和司马贺的通用问题求解程序 GPS。它以知识块理论为基础，利用基于规则的记忆，获取搜索控制知识和操作符，即能从经验中学习，能记住自己是如何解决问题的，并把这种经验和知识用于以后的问题求解过程中，实现通用问题求解。\n\n1983 年 杰弗里·辛顿（Geoffrey Hinton）发明了玻尔兹曼机（BoltzmannMachine）。波尔兹曼机是一种随机神经网络。在这种网络中神经元只有两种输出状态，即二进制的 0 或 1。状态的取值由概率统计法则决定，由于这种概率统计法则的表达形式与著名统计力学家路德维希 · 玻尔兹曼（LudwigBoltzmann，1844—1906）提出的玻尔兹曼分布类似，故将这种网络取名为玻尔兹曼机。\n\n附录 人工智能历史大事记\n\n421","previous_page":420,"next_page":422}