{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","title":"State Platform Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781009619714","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","id":"d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","uuid":"d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","title":"State Platform Capitalism","normalized_title":"stateplatformcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781009619714","isbns":["9781009619714","9781009446594","9781009446587"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":98,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/State%20Platform%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4/search"},"page":{"printed_page":21,"pdf_page":26,"physical_index":26,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"5846d7c7d40e941d9a53078302c5a34f238d904a12eb2555e31782d7fe159479"},"chapter":"Cambridge Elements","content":"Finally, and as discussed further in the next section, states and platforms collectively practise forms of cross-stack rivalry. Platforms compete as sprawling business ecosystems rather than price or quality of individual product lines. This can limit rivalry and competition between platforms from the same home state, giving rise to ‘frenemy’ relations or coopetition between platforms (Gupta et al., 2025). States may support the emergence of such cooperative relations in overseas markets in efforts to cohere third countries into the national technology stack ofthe United States or China. Platforms’ extraterritorial expansion may be supported by such a state-facilitated bundling of functions, as in shared investments in data centres, cabling systems, or other infrastructure that comprises digital stacks. Moreover, cooperative relations mean successful competition in one field (such as an overseas cloud market) is likely to redound to the benefit of platforms from the same home state.\n\nNone of this is to say that the interests of big tech platforms and home states are entirely aligned. They sometimes diverge and are subject to contestation and renegotiation. Platforms cannot be reduced to mere instruments of political power. Indeed, it is precisely because ‘platform ecosystems are not simply commercial mechanisms or state-controlled entities . . . [that] they are becoming more and more part of a global geopolitical contest’ (van Dijck and Lin, 2022, 65). In the following sections, we inquire more deeply into the specific mechanisms which drive platforms and states to cooperate in the global competition for digital dominance.\n\n3 The US Stack\n\n3.1 Introduction\n\nIn 2022, Eric Schmidt, former CEO of Google, issued a stark warning from a podium at the Capital Hilton Hotel in Washington DC. The United States risked falling behind China in the digital technology race:\n\nIt’s possible to imagine a dark future . . . Imagine that everything around you, everything you see in this room, has a component of Chinese values in it . . . free speech being restricted, being recorded, being surveilled. While China has achieved many impressive things, I would not want to live there . . . The real issue here is that we screwed up. We cannot get ‘5Ged’ again. I was part ofthe errors 20 years ago and 30 years ago in the semiconductor sector, where we collectively thought, ‘That’s fine, that’s not that important, we can figure it out, globalization will work.’ Meanwhile, we’ve ended up in a situation where my phone doesn’t work most of the time, whereas in China, where I may or may not be allowed back into, they have roughly a billion people on track to having a gigabit to their mobile phones in urban centers within the next year or two. (Schmidt, 2022)\n\nState Platform Capitalism\n\n21","previous_page":20,"next_page":22}