{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","title":"State Platform Capitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781009619714","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","id":"d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","uuid":"d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","title":"State Platform Capitalism","normalized_title":"stateplatformcapitalism","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781009619714","isbns":["9781009619714","9781009446594","9781009446587"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":98,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/State%20Platform%20Capitalism","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/d06b946b-6924-4f30-afbd-92f915edbae4/search"},"page":{"printed_page":42,"pdf_page":47,"physical_index":47,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"02371bb9ccd903d3ea653d230a67a168ecfcb72fba2f3b436c90923c8ff105f1"},"chapter":"Cambridge Elements","content":"Part II Spheres of Competition\n\nPart I charted the rise of a new system of competition in the global political economy: state platform capitalism. Section 1 provided a schematic history and conceptualization of SPC’s logic. Focusing on the world’s two foremost digital ecosystems, the United States and China, Sections 2 and 3 pointed out how these differ both in their internal configurations of state-platform relations, and in their mechanisms for international expansion. However, these sections also identified striking similarities between how the Chinese and US states engage with their domestic digital platform firms collaboratively – to ensure their international influence by building geographically extensive ‘national’ technology stacks.\n\nDiscrete, national technology stacks do not, ofcourse, exist in reality. As long as the internet is built upon an open architecture, its total balkanization remains a technical impossibility (Mueller, 2017). Both the United States and Chinese national stacks continue to interpenetrate one another, with considerable Chinese hardware and software used in the United States, and likewise with American technology in China. And both stacks have long since overspilled their national boundaries. The United States in particular exhibits a worldspanning presence, while China is making considerable progress in internationalizing its digital technology ecosystem.\n\nNevertheless, the emergence of platform giants has made it considerably easier to develop sanitized and nationally centred digital ecosystems, which are difficult, undesirable or inconvenient for users to leave (Kontareva and Kenney, 2023; Mihelj, 2023). The power of first-mover advantage and lock-in, combined with their world-leading capabilities, ties many global users (individuals, firms, and governments) to US digital platforms. And the rise of state capitalist initiatives such as the Clean Network serves to deter adoption of Chinese technology. Where Chinese technologies are in use, bundling practices enabling interoperability between tiered layers of hardware and software make switching to US technologies overly costly and/or burdensome, encouraging further integration with Chinese platforms. As such, while the internet remains immune to ‘technical fragmentation’, the US and China’s national stacks are increasingly ‘real abstractions’ which shape technology adoption and digital ecosystems well beyond their borders (de Seta, 2021).\n\n42\n\nReinventing Capitalism","previous_page":41,"next_page":43}