{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2","title":"Time The Modern and Postmodern Experience","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2","id":"d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2","uuid":"d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2","title":"Time The Modern and Postmodern Experience","normalized_title":"timethemodernandpostmodernexperience","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":178,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Time%20The%20Modern%20and%20Postmodern%20Experience","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/d3ee5fbb-1124-4191-99e1-3139801e0da2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":115,"pdf_page":115,"physical_index":115,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"6004345736d79f66a737297c57b5dbfd3b937eae6864a4a892b01e1a73672f80"},"chapter":"An Embarrassment of Proper Times:","content":"Since then, with international time differences, there has been a series of relevant developments everywhere in Europe. General life expectancy has risen thanks to improvement in the control of epidemics, in the sewerage system and hygienic conditions, in medical progress and the development of a public health system. Child labour, which was widespread in the nineteenth century, was drastically reduced at the beginning of this century, prohibited, and replaced by attendance at state schools. The view prevailed that human labour was able to accomplish more if children went to school, instead of prematurely wearing themselves out with work, and that through an improved state of health in the population its output generally rose. The welfare state, with its social welfare legislation and institutions for social security, was able to establish itself as the historical project of the century'. Only around the middle of the present century, however, were the public institutions for education, health and social services so far established, had the need for additional workers in the labour market so far increased, that women began to enter the labour market and paid work in massive numbers. This development is conveyed in a series of figures in which working time is expressed in the form of years of working life.17 According to these figures, up to 1871 in the UK, a male worker spent almost 56 years of his life working; around 1950, it was still 50.9 years; only in 1981 did this fall to 46 years. Thus the progress of a whole century can also be gauged by the fact that the male section of the population gained ten years free of work. Like all statistics, these also not only conceal individual differences, but ignore what happened in the way of historical events, wars or colonial expansion. For women, the picture appears complementary. At any rate, they appear as historical subjects in the official statistics as early as 1871, even though only that part of their life is recorded as working time which they spent in the labour market for bad remuneration. At the beginning of the period under consideration here, this was almost twenty years of life, a figure which remained more or less constant, with fluctuations, up to the 1950s, to rise continuously since then. Up to 1981, English women spent thirty years of their lives on paid employment outside the home. In another English investigation into the working life of men and women who were facing retirement, the author comes to the conclusion that a de facto alignment of male and female working careers is beginning to emerge. The working-time conditions of both are becoming fragmented and discontinuous, occupational social decline is increasing, the proportion of part-time work is rising and with it the marginal status in the labour market, retirement age is showing increasingly large variations, and ambiguities in status are rising among those not officially regarded as employed. All this against the background of a development in which the total duration of working life is beginning to approach that of non-working life, for after the deduction of working life there remain to men and women on average just as many years which they do not spend working: almost three decades.18\n\nPolitics of Time\n\n115","previous_page":114,"next_page":116}