{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","title":"Critical Theory of Communication New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781911534044","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","id":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","uuid":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","title":"Critical Theory of Communication New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet","normalized_title":"criticaltheoryofcommunicationnewreadingsoflukácsadornomarcusehonnethandhabermasintheageoftheinternet","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781911534044","isbns":["9781911534044","9781911534051","9781911534068","9781911534075"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":236,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Critical%20Theory%20of%20Communication%20New%20Readings%20of%20Luk%C3%A1cs%2C%20Adorno%2C%20Marcuse%2C%20Honneth%20and%20Habermas%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20the%20Internet","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/search"},"page":{"printed_page":101,"pdf_page":105,"physical_index":105,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"93ea371386353baa8ed4ef974a1aa973ecab593d012d938a5413493af3ac4465"},"chapter":"C H R I S T I A N F U C H S CRITICAL THEORY OF COMMUNICATION","content":"3.4.7. The Dialectics of Knowledge\n\nThe production of social knowledge is dialectical in a manifold way: social systems are based on a dialectic of general social structures and knowledge structures and a dialectic of individual knowledge and social knowledge. In dominative social systems, there are interest conflicts about the control of power that also result in a conflict between dominative and emancipatory knowledge. Knowledge in such systems is therefore dialectical in the sense that it is contested in interest conflicts. Struggles for the definition and control of knowledge tend to be asymmetrical in that dominant actors, who control money, influence, and reputation have structural advantages. They can try to mobilise these resources in order to legitimate their dominance and hinder struggles and alternatives. They can exert physical, structural, and ideological violence in order to uphold their dominant position. There is no guarantee that alternative structures and alternative, emancipatory knowledge can emerge or that actors and movements organising such alternatives can exert enough power to become significant counter-hegemonic forces. There is a political economy of resource asymmetry inherent in modern society that poses structural disadvantages for alternative movements, alternative structures, and emancipatory knowledge. This becomes evident in the realm of social media: Facebook dominates the world of social networking sites by attracting billions of users, whereas non-commercial alternatives such as Diaspora or Crabgrass have thus far remained marginal and only attract comparatively few users.\n\n3.4.8. Johan Galtung: Violence\n\nBased on the works of Johan Galtung (1990), violence can be defined as ‘avoidable insults to basic human needs, and more generally to life, lowering the real level of needs satisfaction below what is potentially possible’ (Galtung 1990, 292). Violence can according to Galtung (1990) be divided into three principal forms: direct violence (through physical intervention; an event), structural violence (through state or organizational mandate; a process), and ideological violence (dehumanizing or otherwise exclusionary representations; an invariance). These forms operate through the denial of four basic needs: survival needs (through killing and exploitation), well-being needs (through maiming, sanctions, and exploitation), identity needs (through desocialization, resocialization and segmentation), and freedom needs (through repression, detention, expulsion, marginalization and fragmentation) (Galtung 1990).\n\nTheodor W. Adorno and the Critical Theory of Knowledge\n\n101","previous_page":100,"next_page":102}