{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","title":"Critical Theory of Communication New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781911534044","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","id":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","uuid":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","title":"Critical Theory of Communication New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet","normalized_title":"criticaltheoryofcommunicationnewreadingsoflukácsadornomarcusehonnethandhabermasintheageoftheinternet","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781911534044","isbns":["9781911534044","9781911534051","9781911534068","9781911534075"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":236,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Critical%20Theory%20of%20Communication%20New%20Readings%20of%20Luk%C3%A1cs%2C%20Adorno%2C%20Marcuse%2C%20Honneth%20and%20Habermas%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20the%20Internet","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/search"},"page":{"printed_page":113,"pdf_page":117,"physical_index":117,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"1a6e81a15a51db369f95b9aab626a5a788d86cc59c53284e5b40f95fbda5b1ca"},"chapter":"C H R I S T I A N F U C H S CRITICAL THEORY OF COMMUNICATION","content":"Habermas than Marcuse in the German-speaking world. Having established some conceptual foundations of a critical theory of technology, I moved on and started working on the foundations of a critical theory and a critique of the political economy of the Internet and the media, which resulted in books such as Internet and Society: Social Theory in the Information Age (Fuchs 2008), Foundations of Critical Media and Information Studies (Fuchs 2011), Digital Labour and Karl Marx (Fuchs 2014a), OccupyMedia! The Occupy Movement and Social Media in Crisis Capitalism (Fuchs 2014b), Social Media: A Critical Introduction (Fuchs 2014c), Culture and Economy in the Age of Social Media (Fuchs 2015), Reading Marx in the Information Age: A Media and Communication Studies Perspective on “Capital Volume I” (Fuchs 2016), as well as collected volumes such as Internet and Surveillance. The Challenges of Web 2.0 and Social Media (Fuchs, Boersma, Albrechtslund and Sandoval 2012), Marx is Back – The Importance of Marxist Theory and Research for Critical Communication Studies Today (Fuchs and Mosco 2012, see also: Fuchs and Mosco 2016a, 2016b), Critique, Social Media and the Information Society (Fuchs and Sandoval 2014), Philosophers of the World Unite! Theorising Digital Labour and Virtual Work: Definitions, Forms and Transformations (Sandoval, Fuchs, Prodnik, Sevignani and Allmer 2014), Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube (Trottier and Fuchs 2014), Reconsidering Value and Labour in the Digital Age (Fisher and Fuchs 2015).\n\nIn the work on all of these books, Marcuse, Marx and Hegel’s concepts were tools of critical thought that helped me to understand the antagonisms of the media and communication in twenty-first-century capitalism. In addition to Marcuse, Marx and Hegel, I have especially made use of Dallas W. Smythe and Raymond Williams’ works for grounding foundations of a critical theory of the Internet and social media. In all these years, Marcuse was always there in my works and thinking and has been a crucial influence.\n\n4.1.2. Social Media\n\nIn this chapter, I reflect on how some of Marcuse’s theoretical thought can help us to critically understand what many today term ‘social media’. ‘Social media are Internet-based platforms such as blogs (e.g. Blogspot, Wordpress, Tumblr), social networking sites (e.g. Facebook, LinkedIn, VK, Renren), user-generated content sharing sites (e.g. YouTube, Vimeo, Youku), microblogs (e.g. Twitter, Weibo) and wikis (e.g. Wikipedia) (Fuchs 2014c). It is evident that all media are to a certain extent social because they reflect and transmogrify society in complex ways. The actual change that communication systems such as Facebook reflect is that the Internet has, since 2005, become more of a system of co-operative work and community formation than it was before (Fuchs 2014c). These media are social because they enable and are means of sharing, communication, community and collaboration. At the same time they are deeply embedded in capitalism’s commodity logic and therefore reflect individual private property, individualism and structures of exploitation and domination. Capitalist class relations that individualise these social media’s sociality limit the sociality of social media as means of informational production. This chapter focuses on some, but by far not all dimensions of Marcuse’s thoughts for reflecting on social media: the computer (section 2), dialectics (section 3), work and labour (section 4), ideology (section 5), and the dialectical logic of essence (section 6).\n\nHerbert Marcuse and Social Media\n\n113","previous_page":112,"next_page":114}