{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","title":"Critical Theory of Communication New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781911534044","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","id":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","uuid":"dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","title":"Critical Theory of Communication New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet","normalized_title":"criticaltheoryofcommunicationnewreadingsoflukácsadornomarcusehonnethandhabermasintheageoftheinternet","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9781911534044","isbns":["9781911534044","9781911534051","9781911534068","9781911534075"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":236,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/Critical%20Theory%20of%20Communication%20New%20Readings%20of%20Luk%C3%A1cs%2C%20Adorno%2C%20Marcuse%2C%20Honneth%20and%20Habermas%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20the%20Internet","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dadb939e-7360-4727-a1fb-be08c2f7a611/search"},"page":{"printed_page":55,"pdf_page":59,"physical_index":59,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"d004ea380535dd6c4ad0d09d8befb55ea266707a7afbf3c9d4075108ecc6383c"},"chapter":"C H R I S T I A N F U C H S CRITICAL THEORY OF COMMUNICATION","content":"2.2.4. Consciousness\n\nConsciousness plays a crucial role in the ‘active and productive being of the positing of causal relationships’ (Lukács, 1978c, 31). That work is a conscious activity means that workers constantly make choices between behaviour alternatives, which results in a ‘chain of causality’ that in contrast to nature is not automatic, but consciously decided (33). The work process is ‘a chain of alternatives’ (33). If a programmer, for example, codes a piece of software, s/he must consciously decide which algorithm is used next, how it is implemented, which syntax elements are used, etc. in order to achieve the goal that the programme should fulfil. Consciousness enables ‘human self-control’ (45), ‘self-realization’, ‘self-founded being’, and ‘social being’ (46).\n\nLukács (1986b, 478) argues that dualist concepts of consciousness and theories that draw a sharp distinction between the physical and the ideational, reflect in an ideological manner society’s division of labour that has, since the emergence of slavery, instituted this division in the economy itself. One should, however, not forget that a similar separation is also immanent in patriarchy that institutes a gendered division between physical and social labour and in gerontocracy, which is based on a generational division between labour and collective decision-making. Lukács opposes dualist ontologies of society with his dialectical ontology.\n\n2.2.5. The Economy and Culture\n\nFor Lukács (1978c), work is the essential and foundational activity of humans and society. It is the ground of other phenomena such as language (v). Work is the ‘model for all social practice, all active social behaviour’ (46). Work ‘is the underlying and hence the simplest and most elementary form of those complexes whose dynamic interaction is what constitutes the specificity of social practice’ (59). There is an ‘identity of identity and non-identity’ of work and other forms of human practice (59).\n\nLukács considers teleological positing (the conscious and active production of changes by realising subjective intentions in the objective world) as a common feature of work and communication, i.e. the economy and culture. There is an ‘ontological similarity of base and superstructure as they are both based on teleological positings and their causal efects’2 (Lukács, 1986b, 424). In the economy, where work creates goods, the intentional goals tend to be much more clearly defined, whereas in culture, where communication influences social behaviour, there is much more scope for what is considered desirable and undesirable, for ‘reactions to societal matters of fact, situations, tasks, etc.’3 (Lukács 1986b, 417). Lukács says that in the economy, the value of a product depends on whether it is ‘immediately useful or non-useful, whereas in artistic creation the field and possibilities of value and non-value are extraordinarily widely stretched and hardly determinable in advance’ (535).4\n\nGeorg Lukács as a Communications Scholar\n\n55","previous_page":54,"next_page":56}