{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27","title":"时间、现代与后现代经验","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303133659","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27","id":"dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27","uuid":"dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27","title":"时间、现代与后现代经验","normalized_title":"时间现代与后现代经验","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303133659","isbns":["9787303133659","9192631770"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":137,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E3%80%81%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%8E%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dcc9103d-93ff-4da5-89f2-d15668886c27/search"},"page":{"printed_page":69,"pdf_page":77,"physical_index":77,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"c3a8c2385aa7393affd9168fe65b55960295303f0effbb72117930d84538cb84"},"chapter":"第三章 新时代的克洛诺斯之忧①","content":"对创新活动的分析一直是一个热门话题。熊彼特将企业家看做是一个能够扭转局面的人（deus ex machina)，但这种将企业家塑造成英雄的观点目前已经让位于一种更为微妙的看法，后者注意到一种更为复杂、更具穿透力的事件：一方面是基于科学知识的技术和技术化的科学；另一方面是市场，两者互相影响、彼此依赖。即使人们总能辨认出具体的技术上或科学上的“突破”，但为了能实现市场运用，总是需要相应的制度、研究组织和经济一财政层面的先决条件。取代了个人发明及其经历的是整个技术体系在时间轨迹中生成的创新发展的动力学，这样，“创新”现象不仅受到科学一技术因素的型塑，也受到了社会一组织的影响。①\n\n与从前一样，附着在创新活动中的时间的特殊性仍然嵌入市场的竞争时间之中。从创新进人市场的那一刻起，创新就介入经济力量的竞争场域；很明显的是，这种力量场域现在正转移到创新研究的产前领域。从宏观的角度看，现在开始的排他性竞争是围绕市场缺口的战斗，这些缺口既存在于现有的和已被占领的市场，也可能还有待创造—对有待唤醒的要求的反应。通过进一步的观察就会看出，熊彼特将企业家区分为创新者和“纯粹模仿者”是完全含混不清的。特别在高科技领域，技术创新的买家本身就是有着很高识别力的顾客，他们能够通过他们的特殊需求持续地影响创新产品。他们像所有消费者一样，也处在竞争的时间压力之下。在市场上先于其他人获得某种消费品，在大众消费的符号下，已经成为一种区别标志——获得商品的时间点成了消费者的身份定位的标志。①时间先后的微小差异反映了社会地位的区别，而在科技创新活动中，时间上的领先则代表了国际经济竞争力。\n\n第三章 郵时代的克洛諾斯之忧\n\n① Giovanni Dosi, “Technological Paradigms and Technological Trajectories\", in: G. Dosi, Ch. Freeman, R. Nelson, G. Silverberg, L. Soete (eds. ), Technical Change and Economic Theory. London: Francis Pinter, 1988; R. Nelson and S. Winter, “In Search of Useful Theory of Innovation\", Research Policy, vol. 6 (1977), pp. 36-76; Wolfgang Zapf, “On Social Innovations\", Working Paper No.254 (November 1987), Sonderforschungsbereich 3, Mikroanalytische Grundlagen der Gesellschaftspolitik, Frankfurt u. Mannheim.\n\n69","previous_page":68,"next_page":70}