{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":13,"pdf_page":33,"physical_index":33,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"dd519fb09951d88f8df91e0a8be3f76de75b7e63e1a9bf6d2e49ea8e583307ff"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"从涉及人类尊严的理念出发，社会斗争产生了推动力，就此而言，莱纳·福斯特(RainerForst)的文章讨论了内在和超越的，特殊的和可普遍化的批判标准的对立。对于尊重人之尊严的要求，在一种特定的、语境相关的形式下主张一种“每个人作为人的核心中应得的”权利。作为对社会秩序跨语境的批判，“批判之根据”展现了人作为“有根据的，有正当性的生物”与一种基本的正当性权利之间的关系。批判理论的任务因而可被视为“正当性关系批判”，并从非专制的立场，以某种形式的社会结构转型为目标，使得个体能够在政治的意义上将自身经验为自主的生物。\n\n从维特根斯坦的一个评论出发，雷蒙·盖斯(RaymondGeuss)在他的文章里探讨了“市民思想”与激进社会批判间的差别。若“市民思想”通过一种强肯定性的态度和“这个世界本质上或根本上还行”的乐观假设来界定，那么这种思想就限于现有的社会框架内的改善和重构。但盖斯进一步问，如若这种乐观态度导向一种与现有事物的同谋，甚至导向一种“社会弊端的深层串谋”又当如何呢？冲破“市民正直”和市民乐观主义的人是卢卡奇和阿多诺这些人，对他们而言，激进的社会变革似乎显现为一种即使(对阿多诺而言)并非一定是可计划的，但总是必要的选项。尽管如此，按照盖斯悲观的最终诊断，这种“批判，作为市民时代产物”可能在这个时代将“不能幸存”。\n\n导论什么是批判\n\n13","previous_page":12,"next_page":14}