{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":190,"pdf_page":210,"physical_index":210,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"ca9ddf3211c61e5220919027610fabc46b89e4fb177a667aedfd0f89a0cd1364"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"四\n\n在这一点上，对辩护（Rechtfertigung)概念做一些澄清可能是合适的。①当在社会语境下谈到为道德相关行为辩护时，决定性的标准是对等性(Reziprozität)和普遍性(Allgemeinheit)，因为这些行为必须通过诉诸声称以对等和普遍的方式成立的规范来证明。如果我们从这种规范的有效性要求出发进行递归，并询问必须满足哪些条件才能得到它，那么对等性和一般性的有效性标准就会转化为话语辩护的标准。由此可见，在证明或挑战一个道德规范(或行动模式)时，任何人都不能提出他对他人否定的具体主张(内容的对等性)；此外，任何人都不能简单地假定他人与他的观点、评价、信念、利益或需要相同(理由的对等性)，这样的话，人们会声称是为了他人的“真正”利益而说话，或以超出证明范围的绝对不可置疑的真理的名义说话。最后，任何牵涉到的人都不能被阻止提出反对意见，而且被认为使规范合法化的理由必须是所有人都能分享的(一般性)。\n\n① 参见; Rainer Forst, Das Recht auf Rechtfertigung, Frankfurt/M. 2007, bes. Teil I.\n\n190\n\n什么是批判","previous_page":189,"next_page":191}