{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":234,"pdf_page":254,"physical_index":254,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"162c33aa9be0bb5739d7777cbe2ce0bac7410996b19967a992c91a1bc7c9fcda"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"一、启蒙批判\n\n尽管存在区别，但从黑格尔历经克尔凯郭尔和尼采再到《启蒙辩证法》的启蒙批判都同样从一种倒退的图像来把握现代性。他们以两种方式对未实现其可能性的现代性展开批判：作为现实批判和作为理性批判。前者针对现实性，其中现代性对自由和幸福作出的承诺并未得到兑现。由此它特别突出在糟糕的现实和其解放力量之间的矛盾，后者从自然科学、政治制度、文化自我确信在现代的进步中被释放出来。理性批判(Vernunftkritik)反过来朝向堕落为谎言和显象的合理性(Rationalität)。它批判启蒙走到了自身的反面，成了某种遮蔽物。\n\n现代性的标志，与其幸福和自由的可能性相对立，就是遭受着有罪责的命运。①苦难(Leiden)一直是一种负面的经验，它们不应当存在，并且人们根本上也不希望它存在。尽管他人的苦难也可以像我自己的苦难那样，作为一种实现目标的手段，但是它根本上并不是一种值得意愿和被亚里士多德规定为“善”的东西。但是我们也可能弄错“善”的含义，例如将其看作一种以苦难为真实内容的终极目标。我们可以强调自己的苦难，却从不把苦难当成一种无限制的、预先计划的意愿的目标。作为一种我们不能将其肯定为最终目标的负面之物，苦难一直违背我们的意图，并作为命运让我们遭遇。\n\n234\n\n什么是批判","previous_page":233,"next_page":235}