{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":243,"pdf_page":263,"physical_index":263,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"d50e36af270b824dbc03dcebedda656bb54f7beb2531b86e8e45411bc1911fbd"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"对内在批判(immanentenKritik)来说，批判表明，它对于被批判者的辩护必然是可能的。不用诉诸第二方或第三方，而是说，和批判有关者必然能够理解和判定是否如果是的话以及为什么批判能得到辩护。批判针对某种关于明显知识的辩护，因而也针对其自我反驳。在这种内在的辩护形式中，康德的批判概念就已经凸显出来。在对一种纯粹理性批判的讨论中出现的双重第二格(doppelteGenitiv)—理性作为批判的对象，同时作为批判的实行者(Agens)—指示出，批判的辩护是由被批判者自身完成的。知识(dasWissen)必须像黑格尔描述这种内在性时所说，能够“承认”(anerken-nen)知识据以得到评判的标准。①\n\n我们可以考察所谓“正义战争”的例子，以此阐明判断和批判的区别。与此相关的道德判断要求一种有约束力的证明，据此可以评判某场或普遍而言的战争是正义的还是不正义的。但是当这种证明本身它反对相信“战争会导向正义”的那一方被攻击时，我们会说“批判”。在批判中，一种正义的观点会被证明为有约束力的，同时也证明了，辩护指向的是一种推测性的正义观念的代表。在内在的辩护实践(Rechtfertigungspraxis)方面，批判和判断得到了区分。它们同样和行动(Handlungen)进行了区分。政治上的反抗、公民的不服从，甚至必要时国家被批准的暴力，都可以在批判的标记下发生，但它们并非批判，之所以如此，是由于它们不是辩护的形式。不过它们最终的合法性是通过其辩护的可能性才得到揭示的。但是它们有一种直接的实践用途，并且它们没有它们所指向的、要为之辩护的目标。\n\n① Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Phänomenologie des Geistes, Hamburg 1988, S. 64.\n\n反思，治疗，展示\n\n243","previous_page":242,"next_page":244}