{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":247,"pdf_page":267,"physical_index":267,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"d5519de6d1357efc8c1d6c6430595642a353564df9e62b51aaa65be860b60851"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"三、内在的和超越的批判\n\n区分真和假、存在和显象(Schein)的核心问题在于显象天然的不透明度(Opazität)：在显象的内部，显象并未被认作显象。例如，被错误束缚的人，恰恰不了解他的假象和偏见。因此只有从一个外部的视角，才能揭示虚假事物。例如，关于一种正义理解是否需要修正，只有从一种没有陷入可疑正义观念的立场出发才能得到判定。通过这种外部视角，批判及其对象作为两个相互区分的认识形态发生了偏离。批判的视角已经超出了一种表面上的知识。作为对其对象的超出(Überschreiten)，批判是从一种超越性的态度（transzendentenEinstel-lung)得到实行的。所以批判需要一种形式，它能够使内在的和超越的视角相交叉。①\n\n①马克思说：“哲学把无产阶级当作自己的物质武器。同样，无产阶级也把哲学当作自己的精神武器；思想的闪电一旦彻底击中这块素朴的人民园地，德国人就会解放成为人。”[KarlMarx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie,in:MarxEngels Werke(MEW)，Band 1，Berlin 1974,S. 391，中文翻译见《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷，人民出版社2002年版，第214页。霍克海默认为：“如果……理论家和他的特殊活动被统治阶级看作一种动态的统一体，以至于他对社会矛盾的展示不仅仅被看作对具体历史处境的描述，而恰恰是在其中显现为进行刺激、变革的要素，那么他的功能就实现了。\"(MaxHorkheimer，»Traditionelleund kritische Theorie«, in: ders. , Kritische Theorie, hg. Von A.Schmidt, Frankfurt/M. 1977,S. 189.)\n\n②“任务由……两个环节构成，即对错误的认识以及对起 源的重建。”(FriedrichSchleiermacher,Hermeneutik und Kritik hg. und eingl. von M. Frank, Frankfurt/M. 1977, S. 257,)\n\n反思，治疗，展示\n\n247","previous_page":246,"next_page":248}