{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":286,"pdf_page":306,"physical_index":306,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"eab353b9e9479ab3bd0663c519791f95ca5a82f604ca3e4570b9e83911c6c553"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"我认为，福柯区分奠基在律令上的伦理学和参与自我塑造的伦理实践，能非常好地理解他在《什么是批判》一文中所阐明的顺从和美德的区别。福柯通过将美德与顺从相对立而对美德进行了定义式的理解，他指出，美德形式的可能性产生于与对某种权威的非批判性服从的界限(Abgrenzung)之中。\n\n反对权威对福柯而言自然是启蒙的标志。而且他提供给我们某种启蒙的版本(Lesart)，它并不仅仅结合其自己的目标而得以开展，而且它还被识别出其在启蒙历史中具有的悖论(Dilemmata)。他向我们解释说，没有思考者愿意接受“启蒙”，但是这种反抗并没有使他对启蒙特征的标画失去价值，因为在这种对启蒙特征的标画中，福柯试图寻找某种在这种概念下还“没被思考的东西(ungedacht)”，由此他的历史书写是批判性的。根据他的观点，批判开始于对绝对服从这一要求的质疑以及对国家强加给主体的一切义务进行理性和反思性的评价。尽管福柯没有转向理性，他却追问了服从之所以可能的理性根据之标准。他特别关注这样的问题，如被限定的领域是如何形成主体的，这样的主体是如何又反过来塑造和改变这一限定领域的根据的。这样一种形成根据的能力与刚刚提到的自我-塑造的关系有本质性的联系。为了能够批判性地反对出现的某种绝对的权威，需要一种通过自我-塑造而得以实现的批判性实践。\n\n286\n\n什么是批判","previous_page":285,"next_page":287}