{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":290,"pdf_page":310,"physical_index":310,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"7e5a5058675403c0b3785751b2d6b6550c53866ded5c337c7c7f1cd0c802c212"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"福柯关于认可行为的观点在弱的意义上与康德有点关系。认可的行为是一种反思性的活动，正是在其中人们赋予或剥夺权威的有效性。而这样的反思并不是在主体之内发生的。福柯认为这种行为带有风险，因为这种反思活动所涉及的并不是针对国家某项要求提出抗议，而是对使得这种要求合法和可能的秩序的质疑。如果这种抗议针对的是治理的有效性规则以之为基础的认识论上的命令，对这种命令“说不”就是要拒绝已经确立的有效性根据及其所标画的边界。它与将某种被给定的要求视为无效这一行为完全不同，而且更加危险。通过这种区分，我们就进入了与这种命令的批判性关系中，并由此产生了伦理上的原则。福柯称这种命令为“不合法”的根据，问题不在于它是不是完整或自相矛盾的或者导致了某种虚伪的道德立场。真正的问题在于，认识论上的命令为了要扩张自己的权力从而将道德和政治判断组织成总体性领域，从而完全排除了其与批判性的关联。它自身整理并穷尽了确定性的领域。我们如何既能质疑这种关于确定性秩序规则的无所不包的审查权，而同时又不陷入无知的危险和犹疑的理由中，因此让我们避免受到不道德、邪恶、唯美主义这些道德谴责呢?追问规则的边界这一批判态度并非道德性的。它自身如何行事才能够避免陷入其所批判的自然主义和道德概念之中呢？\n\n① Michel Foucault, Was ist Kritik?, Berlin 1982, S. 18.\n\n290\n\n什么是批判","previous_page":289,"next_page":291}