{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":338,"pdf_page":358,"physical_index":358,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"44d761d8f07bc10fe72fa34848142380fc6dd0dfafdcc5341af35d6c1adede13"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"1、 意识形态批判的四个方面\n\n无论如何，我想在这里进一步探讨意识形态批判的传统，并且是在那个我在此处想要探究的意义上(在这个意义上，意识形态表示某种否定的东西，也就是说，这个词是用作贬义的，意识形态批判则致力于克服这个否定的状态①)，至少在这个传统中，意识形态批判是一种非常明确的批判类型。②该类型有四个方面的特点。\n\n(1)意识形态批判是对统治的批判(Herrschaftskritik)。但是它在一定程度上从更“深处”开始。在此意义上，意识形态批判就是对被称作“不言自明”(Verselbständlichung)或“不言而喻”(Selbstverständlichmachung)的机制的抨击，这种机制造成了社会关系和自我关系一样是不容置疑的(Unhintergehbarkeit)印象。其中包括了自然化现象，即某种被社会“制造出来的东西”被呈现为自然的或者不可还原的“给定物”，但是也包括诸如特殊事物的普遍化等过程，这在马克思的分析中被突出地揭示为市民社会的合法化机制。因此，意识形态批判就是对统治的批判，即对这种自知之明或不言而喻的批判，反过来则是把这些机制解读为统治机制。\n\n①关于对意识形态做中性的或肯定的理解，雷蒙·盖斯在 《一种批判理论的概念》中提供了很有帮助的类型学(Typologisierung)。(Raymond Geuss, Die Idee einer kritischen Theo-rie, Bodenheim 1988.)\n\n②那么，去问意识形态批判是否算作批判的一种特定样式或者是否具有一个特定的对象即意识形态，就是多余的。意识形态批判作为一种批判形式，其特别之处就在于把其对象理解或解读为意识形态。在进行意识形态批判之前，看不出来某物是一种意识形态、是意识形态的。\n\n338\n\n什么是批判","previous_page":337,"next_page":339}