{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":344,"pdf_page":364,"physical_index":364,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"b9bb7813f02866c7b93deca84266dcdd65bea271a2897f5d5b96765813e2d3e0"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"然而，为了使问题更复杂，这里还要指出另一种情况：根据马克思的观点，自由和平等的意识形态自身就是导致压迫和不平等出现的一个因素。也就是说，以这样一种方式，它们是富有成效的或具有如下效果，即它们本身就参与了对它所表达的观念的颠倒。因此，规范性的理想不仅仅尚未完全实现，它们还在实现过程中被颠倒了。自由和平等绝不仅仅是“单纯的观念”，它们还成为具有社会效果并且已经沉淀在社会制度中的观念。它们的有效性马克思视之为并非偶然而是必然的效果在于在其实现过程中似乎削弱了自身。(何以见得？按照乔恩·埃尔斯特对马克思的分析的总结，如果在资本主义剥削中“经济不正义是通过自由的市场交易产生的”①，那么劳动合同，作为市场交换的前提，既是自由和平等的体现，也是产生不平等的手段。这里不是指自由和平等只是说说而已—“谈论自由”而不实现它们，而是说它们在资本主义生产条件下[必须]实现的方式会产生一种新的、尽管是隐蔽的不自由和剥削形式作为效果。)\n\n① Jon Elster, » Exploring exploitation «, in: Journal of Peace Research15, 1978,S. 3-17.\n\n344\n\n什么是批判","previous_page":343,"next_page":345}