{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":346,"pdf_page":366,"physical_index":366,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"41067d120a7e2f45cb51f5be9798eb7b17f28f2d285110e96f5dd7deaa255df0"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"2. 悖论的解决\n\n意识形态批判的(表面上的)悖论现在已经有了明确的含义。\n\n第一，意识形态“既真又假”，就其对于“现实”来说(无论这个现实是什么，无论人们如何设想这种对应关系)既是充分的又是不充分的，既是恰当的又是不恰当的而言。既然是由社会引起的，它们就不是单纯的欺骗或者认识错误，而是在某些方面有根据的错误，因为它以现实的特性(Beschaffenheit)为基础。①\n\n第二，意识形态“既真又假”，因为与其相关的规范具有尚未实现的真理内容。意识形态的批判者并不批判自由和平等的理想本身，而是批判它们有缺陷的实现。然而与此同时(我将在后文回到这一事实，这对批判与其标准之间的关系很重要)，规范没有实现也并没有使其真理内容不受影响。因此，意识形态(平等的理想)中的“真实要素”在其未充分(或扭曲的)实现的条件下并不仅仅是真实的。它受到了与不真实的纠缠(阿多诺)的影响。\n\n① 此处也可参见哈贝马斯在《关于马克思和马克思主义的哲学讨论的文献报告》一文中的话：“它自身(意识)是对一个错误的现实的——所谓正确的——反映，因而是错误的（falsch)。”(Jürgen Habermas, Theorie und Praxis, Frankfurt/M.1978,S.387-456,hier: S.437.)\n\n346\n\n什么是批判","previous_page":345,"next_page":347}