{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":347,"pdf_page":367,"physical_index":367,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"5c345836d1d4c47fc9148163c41366cd41b9f69f33a1bebe39471efd4e84a6e0"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"那么，第一个悖论向我们展示了什么呢？阿多诺所发觉的真与假的相互渗透使我们意识到，这里涉及一个规范和实践之间多方面的复杂(且相互构成的)关系。这对意识形态批判带来如下后果。\n\n(1)它必须既批判对某种状况(Situation)或(社会)事实的错误理解，又批判该状况本身的特性。意识形态批判不仅仅是“既真又假”，它还(如盖斯所强调的)总是同时是认识论和规范性的问题。意识形态批判揭示了，我们误解了某种(社会状态)，并且，该事物本身是虚假的(falsch)。①\n\n因此，严格来说，意识形态批判不仅仅批判意识形态，还批判那种通过意识形态维持或由意识形态构成的实践。在这方面，它的目的不仅是纠正认识错误，还要“解放性地”改变现状。而且它相信，每一方对另一方都很重要。因此，对于这种批判我们不仅需要“勇气、同情心和好眼光”，正如瓦尔茨对社会批判所声称的那样，还需要一个好的理论。②\n\n(2)现在，如果意识形态批判不是简单地揭露通常意义上的错误和虚假(Unwahrheit)，即试图用正确的理解替换错误的理解，那么，另一方面，它也不包括关于正确行动的规范性观念。它是某种实践性的改造过程的酵素，该过程既关系到(社会)现实，又关系到对它的理解，在这个过程中，社会现实和对它的理解都必须改变。\n\n①意识形态批判并非单纯讨论这两个方面；它依赖于这个并不完全自明的论断，即认为在误解和社会关系的虚假性(事实的规范性错误和对其含义的认识错误)之间有某种系统性关联。现实自身在某种意义上看起来是虚假的，这导致了误解，以至于我们对现实有误解这一情况就表明该社会关系本身是虚假的。\n\n② Michael Walzer, »Mut, Mitleid und ein gutes Auge«, in: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, 48/5, 2000, S. 709-718.\n\n什么是意识形态批判？\n\n347","previous_page":346,"next_page":348}