{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":445,"pdf_page":465,"physical_index":465,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"21c242c81cf268cc4aaff53a6f059893007ed99426994dcd4a8de794f59b7bde"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"(2)在这个意义上，科学不仅仅像政治，也像“宗教”，将它们进行比较会是有用的。如果我们将从《旧约》文本中发展出来的道德宗教(犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教)和诸如印度教、佛教或神道教等亚洲宗教作对比，那我们几乎找不到什么使它们成为“宗教”的共同点—对于神的朝拜不能完成这一点。至少在它们历史中的某些阶段，有些宗教如果不是全部宗教都曾以批判的态度站在它所处的社会与政治环境的对立面。与之相反，在另外一些时代，宗教是国家进行压迫的控制系统的一部分。第一种情况可以以在罗马帝国早期的基督教为例。另外一些时代，同一个宗教就成为国家借以压迫和控制人民的工具。罗马帝国晚期的基督教，以及现今在某些偏远的拜仁村落的基督教就有这样的功能。教会可能为了非宗教人员，或者社会上层的成员的组织(在埃利亚斯的意义上)②，也可能不顾它是在为谁“服务”，而改变自己的批判性动力。\n\n正像宗教一样，科学潜在的批判功能也随着历史环境的变化而变化。当现代科学从大学之外的社会中诞生之时、古老的，在那时被重新发现的阿基米德式方法就和彼时统治基督教大学的亚里士多德主义对立了起来。哥白尼、伽利略和开普勒的天文学，以及牛顿的“实验哲学”，都曾经是批判性的学科：它们是批判性的，因为它们质疑基督教大学的教学计划、教学方法和教学理论，正像占上风的“常识”质疑当时从被扭曲的基督教教义中产生的迷信倾向一样。\n\n① Raymond Geuss, Philosophy and Real Politics, Princeton, Oxford 2008, S.9 f.\n\n② Norbert Elias und John L. Scotson, The Established and the Outsiders, A Sociological Enquiry into Community Problems, London 1965.\n\n科学与批判\n\n445","previous_page":444,"next_page":446}