{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":451,"pdf_page":471,"physical_index":471,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"cb427b184ade0b744f643c4edc927b81fb6d848ee0abc7259300a30e6ba3c643"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"不过，进步观念的发展可以分为明确的两个阶段。第一个阶段从1600年延伸至1850年。在这个时期，理论从根本上的质疑与批判，并不被视作知识的积累。在科学进步的第一个发展阶段，占支配地位的是知识体系的连贯性：从哥白尼到伽利略，再到牛顿、黑尔姆霍尔茨和法拉第。不过在1850年之后，科学的进步就不能通过一个知识体系的不断自身分化来积累完成了，即开普勒将自己的体系“建立在”哥白尼的体系之上，又如开普勒是伽利略的基础，或者是如牛顿所想“站在巨人的肩膀上”。1850年之后，在第二个阶段的进步只能通过对旧理论的彻底否定来达成。进化论(达尔文)、相对论(爱因斯坦)和量子力学(普朗克)构成了这个阶段的开端。借助这些物理学和生物学的新理论，科学被推动了，因为它证明由它自身提出的关于自然种类、空间、时间以及物质的观点，是完全错误的。从此以后，对于旧理论的彻底批评就被视为真正进步的必要条件，而积累性的知识则不再是获取知识的标准模式。自然，进一步也就有了科学与知识积累之间的区别。粒子物理学的“压力”和从弦理论出发，将一个更先进的关于“暗物质”的理论推进为关于整个物质世界的新理论的希望，显示了这样的事实：从十九世纪晚期和二十世纪早期引导“革命”的，揭示光的本质的理论所获得的极高赞誉，是错误的。\n\n① Karl Löwith, Weltgeschichte und Heilsgeschehen. Sämtliche Schriften Band 2,Stuttgart 1986.\n\n科学与批判\n\n451","previous_page":450,"next_page":452}