{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","id":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","uuid":"dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title":"什么是批判","normalized_title":"什么是批判","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787303287741","isbns":["9787303287741","0120214113"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":490,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/dfe67541-4039-4f88-87ce-dbbadb056cb2/search"},"page":{"printed_page":74,"pdf_page":94,"physical_index":94,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"17048348e6e7a813f713bf2be6365dd70b910f1cf8e098e9053e642909c66e9d"},"chapter":"什么是批判","content":"根据哈贝马斯在《交往行为理论》中的论述，只有在发生普遍扭曲的情况下，在结构上给出了错误的理由，或者整个领域的对象被大规模地错误识别(如被看作货物而不是文化物品)，人们才会开始问，来自外部的(专家的)干预是否必要。只有在外部专家那里才可能有适当的批判，而相关的行动者没有(不能)自己表达这个批判，因为他们太认同或依赖争论中涉及的关系。而恰恰是在这一点上，系统和生活世界之间的关系理论是致命的。根据哈贝马斯的观点，系统的固有动力对现代社会来说既是必要的，有时又是灾难性的，这一固有动力提供了这样的条件，在这些条件下不是从根本上，而是在某些时候人们必须谈论意识形态，谈论那些必要的还有虚假的信念和行动。但这也意味着，只有在这种必要之物和不可能化之物的悖论领域，意识形态批判才能成为一种合法的选择。\n\n有一个问题伴随着这种限制，但最终伴随着基于家长制指责的对意识形态批判的恢复，这个问题的严重性不亚于上述对家长制的异议。毕竟，哈贝马斯不仅想一劳永逸地确立生活世界对系统的优先地位，而且—这大概是由于他对轻率的意识形态批判的家长制的警惕还想先验地界定意识形态批判的可能领域。这带来的后果是：一方面，他必须给市场和官僚机构赋予一个负面性的特殊地位，由此也要从它们那里出发去解释像种族主义这样的意识形态；另一方面，这暗示着哈贝马斯必须像这个系统的倡导者一样，几乎决定性地相信资本主义的无情扩张。\n\n74\n\n什么是批判","previous_page":73,"next_page":75}