{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","title":"递归与偶然","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787576004694","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","id":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","uuid":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","title":"递归与偶然","normalized_title":"递归与偶然","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787576004694","isbns":["9787576004694"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":401,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%B6%E7%84%B6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/search"},"page":{"printed_page":157,"pdf_page":169,"physical_index":169,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"f1b6fe081c3f9419d8a9dffc0df1e2d093f6c2c59938137545d7ecc2a21a4e85"},"chapter":"第二章逻辑与偶然","content":"皮埃尔·利维在一篇题为“递归的概念，从控制论到联结主义\"(La notion de récursivité, de la première cybernétique auconnexionnisme)的文章中，提议将递归性概念理解为三个阶段。第一阶段涉及维纳、麦卡洛克和香农等人；第二阶段涉及艾什比和福尔斯特，以及(后来的)梅图拉纳和瓦雷拉；第三阶段涉及联结主义，例如用非再现性图示研究神经网络。如果说在一阶控制论中，递归性被理解为我们看到的那些与反馈有关的东西，那么在二阶控制论中，这个概念则被扩展到其他研究领域，如物理、生物学和社会科学。在1947年的一篇文章中，艾什比论证说机器的自组织—通常被人否定—是可以想象的。①艾什比提议把机器理解为一个与一组变量等同的函数。如果其中一个变量是时间的阶跃函数，组织就会呈现出自发的变化。②利维指出，对艾什比而言，126自组织是函数依据环境的变化(就像稳态那样)，但艾什比似乎认为环境与机器的关系是一系列函数的组合，而不是单个函数。①\n\n第二章 逻辑与偶然\n\n157\n\n①艾什比，《自组织动力系统的原理》(Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System)，见《普通心理学杂志》(Journal of General Psy-chology),37,第2期，1947年，第12528页。\n\n②同上，第127页。","previous_page":156,"next_page":158}