{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","title":"递归与偶然","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787576004694","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","id":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","uuid":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","title":"递归与偶然","normalized_title":"递归与偶然","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787576004694","isbns":["9787576004694"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":401,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%B6%E7%84%B6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/search"},"page":{"printed_page":17,"pdf_page":29,"physical_index":29,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"0a5d5d545cbba055a839e6ecea2bc631a1c98f9898279228777b10bf5cb9479c"},"chapter":"《以世界主义为目标的普遍历史观念》","content":"(2)有预定终极性的非线性运动(A→B→A→B′→C)：例如每一台图灵机的递归算法。该运作必须在某一点停止，不然会把存储资源耗尽；在这里递归函数是受限的。程序是否该停止要由检查约束(check)决定，判断是否达到了目标；为了提高系统的性能，就需要偶然性(比如，像在机器学习中那样，向操作中引入杂讯)。\n\n(3）有自动终极性（auto-finality）的非线性运动(A→B→C→A)，也就是说它没有预定的目标。它根据偶然事件改变方向，例如有机体的演化。自动终结性恰恰意味着结果没有被完全规定，甚至终极性本身也是情境式的。它的结果可能和(2)相同，但它的耗尽不是由于错误，而是由于负熵的极限。\n\n人们倾向于把偶然性与模态逻辑联系起来，而不是把它看作功能性的必然。一旦我们不再认为偶然性只是可能性，它就不再是一个抽象的概念，而是具体的和功能性的。黑格尔很清楚这一点，因为首先辩证法是一种非线性运动，为了走向绝对，偶然性对于肯定自由和避免形式化(与内容[Inhalt]相对的形式)来说是必要的。偶然性成了系统的必然条件。它凸显为理性和创造力的基本概念，我们在伊阿尼斯·泽纳基斯(Iannis Xenakis)的随机音乐中可以清楚地看到这一点，泽纳基斯这样写道：\n\n机遇(tyche)、无序(ataxia)和无组织化（dis-organi-zation)这些概念自古以来便被看作对理性(logos)、秩序(taxis)和组织(systasis)的对立和否定。直到最近，知识才得以洞察机遇，学习区分[15]它的程度——换句话说，就是逐渐把它理性化；然而，知识始终没能成功对“纯粹的机遇”问题作出明确和全面的解释。①\n\n导论迷幻的生成\n\n17","previous_page":16,"next_page":18}