{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","title":"递归与偶然","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787576004694","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","id":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","uuid":"ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","title":"递归与偶然","normalized_title":"递归与偶然","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787576004694","isbns":["9787576004694"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":401,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%B6%E7%84%B6","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/ea3b7167-0435-4a94-84b9-80a5359326a4/search"},"page":{"printed_page":202,"pdf_page":214,"physical_index":214,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"574487ac6dc117ea1d17bccc2faa4f94222159dc8c903844b1ccc6803bdb7a34"},"chapter":"第三章被组织的无机","content":"（1）有机性不可还原为机械性。相反，机械性可被看作有机性的一种特例。我们或许可以说机械化是一种排除了有机过程中的某些“无用”和“偶然”特征的合理化。机械化意味着对有机体的简化与合理化。康吉莱姆没有区分有机形式与生机，这与我们前面讨论过的其他生物学家不同—比如李约瑟，他提出了超越机械论和生机论的第三种路径。\n\n（2）技术对象源于器官的投射。康吉莱姆从阿尔弗雷德·埃斯皮纳斯（AlfredEspinas)的《技术的起源》(Les origins de la technique,1897年)一书中借鉴了这一观点，埃斯皮纳斯的观点又出自黑格尔主义者恩斯特·卡普的《技术哲学的基础》(Grundlinien der Philosophieder Technik，1877年)。①在这本书中，卡普提议把工具理解为器官的投射：比如钩子可以看作手的投射。通过内在的外化，人类递归地回到自身而获得对自身的知识(卡西尔也把卡普的器官投射理解为一种自我认知)。人类学家勒鲁瓦-古汉在他关于技术演化的民族志中进一步研究了器官和技术的紧密关联，他在书中把技术同时理解为记忆的外化和身体器官的解放。①\n\n202\n\n递归与偶然\n\n①见阿尔弗雷德·埃斯皮纳斯，《技术的起源》，巴黎：Alcan，1897年，和恩斯特·卡普，《技术哲学的基础》，布伦瑞克：GeorgeWester-mann,1877年。","previous_page":201,"next_page":203}