{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157","title":"跟大卫·哈维读《资本论》 第二卷","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787532768974","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157","id":"f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157","uuid":"f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157","title":"跟大卫·哈维读《资本论》 第二卷","normalized_title":"跟大卫哈维读资本论第二卷","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"9787532768974","isbns":["9787532768974"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":418,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E8%B7%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%BB%E3%80%8A%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%8B%20%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%B7","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/f268fc36-9638-4031-ac8b-0eb144fb5157/search"},"page":{"printed_page":261,"pdf_page":268,"physical_index":268,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"e29058b496e6a6ad6d0922483a7925ddeef0d07474a37b367c6abb4bde201b68"},"chapter":"跟大卫·哈维读《资本论》","content":"4)非营利组织的借贷\n\n包括私立医院、大学、教堂、博物馆和各类文化机构。对它们的借贷属于虚拟资本的范畴，因为他们多半不生产价值或剩余价值(尽管一些大学和医院的分支机构通过创新和研究直接涉及剩余价值生产)。用于支付借贷利息的收入有各种来源，但在我们的时代主要是依靠使用费和捐赠。\n\n5）消费者信贷\n\n迄今为止，美国最重要的消费者信贷形式是房地产抵押贷款，马克思明确将其列为虚拟资本形式的一种。美国的抵押贷款市场在2007年达到顶峰，总计为十四万亿美元(相比之下，那一年总的GDP大约为十五万亿美元)。在这种情况下，支付利息的收入流来自工资、薪金和政府再分配。房屋一般不用于价值或剩余价值生产，因此按揭贷款属于虚拟资本的一种形式。当然，如果我把房子变为血汗工厂，它就成了生产中的固定资本。尽管家中没有发生直接的价值或剩余价值生产，家务劳动在确定劳动力价值方面的作用显著影响了剩余价值的生产。消费者信贷现在蕴藏着巨大的商机，它在管理经济中的总需求和为“第二级的剥削形式”提供充足机会中起了关键作用。马克思偶尔承认这种“第二级的剥削形式”，但一般将其作为边缘形式而不考虑。\n\n七 信用和银行系统的作用(第三卷第27章开始)\n\n261","previous_page":260,"next_page":262}