{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974","title":"资本主义概念、理念、图像论当代马克思《资本论》的若干面向","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974","id":"f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974","uuid":"f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974","title":"资本主义概念、理念、图像论当代马克思《资本论》的若干面向","normalized_title":"资本主义概念理念图像论当代马克思资本论的若干面向","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":null,"isbns":[],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":271,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E3%80%81%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E8%AE%BA%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E3%80%8A%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/f37142a0-40fb-4cc4-a610-9ea25997b974/search"},"page":{"printed_page":"129 / 123","pdf_page":128,"physical_index":128,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"59795455581175b65bf3f1c92507b1f14a280b1ca4c18d880bc37336d53e90bd"},"chapter":"资本主义：概念、理念、图像论当代马克思《资本论》的若干面向","content":"由此，私人家庭对护理/家务劳动的需求，特别是在家庭的社会再生产任务日益私有化、外包化和商品化，加之人口老龄化、女性有偿就业率提升等社会人口结构变化的背景下，注定将在未来数年激增。这就不难解释为何近期对西欧多国移民工人受到的全球经济危机影响的研究表明，女性移民高度集中的领域（也即社会再生产）“不仅未受经济危机的冲击”，反而“在危机中实现了扩张”。<sup>11</sup>如前所述，过去二十年间在人口老龄化与“本土”女性劳动市场参与率提升的同时，公共护理服务并未相应增长，家庭内部性别分工也未发生变革，这必然催生对私人护工和家政工的需求增加，成为当代移民女性化趋势的强大推力。但“影响育儿[及养老]需求的不仅是公共服务的缺失，更在于现有国家支持的本质”。<sup>12</sup>过去十五年间，欧洲各国普遍引入现金补贴或税收抵免等形式以帮扶家庭，这种制度安排鼓励了了“护理商品化”和家政服务业的发展，这类服务通常需通过市场私人购买，而移民女性及种族化女性构成了该行业最主要的劳动力供给。\n\n在欧洲，源于前文所述的社会与人口现象的对护理和家政工日益增长的需求，是解释女性移民及种族化劳动力为何无法获得与男性同等对待的重要因素。有关证据可以在可以各种方式在当今针对非法移民男性女性的影响中找到。意大利的案例尤为典型：2009 年，意大利政府仅对从事护理和家政工作（badanti）的非法移民实施赦免，这些人多为女性，理由是该领域劳动力需求无法通过本国供给满足。当时的北方联盟党（Northern League）成员（时任内政部长）罗伯托·马罗尼（Rob-erto Maroni）宣称：“我们不可能合法化非法入境者、强奸犯或抢劫犯，但必须考虑那些具有重大社会影响的群体，比如移民护工。”<sup>13</sup>由此可见，即便是北方联盟这样的极右翼反移民政党，也愿意对从事护理家政行业的无证女性移民网开一面。该政党正是本文开头所述“女性民族主义”意识形态的推行者之一。\n\n社会再生产与种族化的剩余人口\n\n<sup>11</sup> Office of Economic and Cultural Development, International Migration Outlook, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2012; Sara R. Farris, ‘Migrants’ Regular Army of Labour: Gender Dimensions of the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Migrant Labour in Western Europe’, The Sociological Review 63 (2015), pp. 121-143; Maria Karamessini and Jill Rubery, eds, Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality, London: Routledge, 2013.\n\n128\n\n129\n\n<sup>12</sup> Fiona Williams and Anna Gavanas, ‘The Intersection of Child Care Regimes and Migration Regimes: A Three-Country Study’, in Helma Lutz, ed., Migration and Domestic Work: A European Perspective on a Global Theme, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008, p. 14.\n\n123","previous_page":127,"next_page":129}