{"resolved":true,"match_type":"uuid","source_type":"original_book","book_id":"fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1","title":"时间的观念","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7301112599","requested_by":"printed_page","book":{"source_type":"original_book","book_id":"fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1","id":"fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1","uuid":"fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1","title":"时间的观念","normalized_title":"时间的观念","author":null,"edition":null,"publisher":null,"year":null,"isbn":"7301112599","isbns":["7301112599"],"parsed":true,"ai_readable":true,"document_type":"book","page_count":239,"navigation_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1","title_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/title/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5","fixed_page_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/ai/book/fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1/page/{printed_page}","path_api_url_template":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/book/fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1/page/{printed_page}","read_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1","page_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1/page","search_url":"https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/books/fa3bee61-e882-42bc-89bc-c63de89efec1/search"},"page":{"printed_page":148,"pdf_page":169,"physical_index":169,"physical_index_base":0,"printed_page_status":"recognized","page_sha256":"a41bfcee9f6b99090d1208d3bd5dfb76ebfd8e5981ee1ca009d3bb948e39141b"},"chapter":"第八章进化与深时的发现","content":"时间的观念\n\n18世纪末，英国地质学家威廉·斯密斯开始对各个地层的化石进行整理，发现每一地层中都包含有不同的生物化石。他相信，“岩层中化石分布不是偶然的，而是每一特殊的物种都在某一特殊层位中获得它固定的、必然的位置；有几种化石贝类可作为英格兰大部分地区地层统一的标志。”（1〕1812年，斯密斯出版了自己的《用生物化石鉴定地层》一书，书中详尽地描述了英格兰地区地层中的化石分布和岩性特征。重要的是，斯密斯确立了生物地层学的基本原理和方法。事实上，斯密斯已经找到了测量大尺度时间的工具，即地质时计。遵循斯密斯的分层方法，19世纪初地质学家建立了初步的地层系统表，到这个世纪末年，地层表更加丰富。地质分层及其建立的时间如下：\n\n新生代 第四纪(1829)第三纪(1759)\n\n中生代 白垩纪(1822)侏罗纪(1829)三迭纪(1834)\n\n古生代 二迭纪(1841)石炭纪(1822)泥盆纪(1837)志留纪(1835)奥陶纪(1879)寒武纪(1836)\n\n元古代 休伦纪(1863)阿尔冈纪(1893)\n\n太古代 劳伦纪(1863)太古纪(1872)\n\n148\n\n〔1〕孙荣圭：《地质科学史纲》，第38页。","previous_page":147,"next_page":149}