奎克的藏经阁 · MinerU 解析内容

销声匿迹:数字化工作的真正未来【朝九晚五的全职就业逐步瓦解,在线工作得到的却不是自由;什么才是灵活就业背后的真实世界和应对之策?】

214 个 PDF 物理页 · 本页显示文件第 201–210 页

PDF 物理页索引 200

文件中的第 201 页 · 印刷页码:201

9.National Low Income Housing Coalition, “Out of Reach”(Washington, DC: National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2018), http://nlihc.org/oor; Susan J. Lambert, Peter J. Fugiel, and Julia R. Henly, “Precarious Work Schedules Among Early-Career Employees in the US: A National Snapshot,”research brief (Chicago: EINet, University of Chicago, 2014), 24; Dan Clawson and Naomi Gerstel, Unequal Time: Gender, Class, and Family in Employment Schedules (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2014); Bridget Ansel and Heather Boushey, Modernizing U.S. Labor Standards for 21st-Century Families, The Hamilton Project(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2017), 25; Lydia DePillis, “The Next Labor Fight Is Over When You Work, Not How Much You Make,”Wonkblog, Washington Post, May 8, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/05/08/the-nextlabor-fight-is-over-when-you-work-not-how-much-you-make/; Robert Reich, “How the New Flexible Economy Is Making Workers’ Lives Hell,”Robert Reich (blog), April 20, 2015, http://robertreich.org/post/116924386855.

10.Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, Economic Well-Being.

11.一些城市(如旧金山、西雅图和纽约)和俄勒冈州已经通过了关于日程改革和保护雇员的立法,这些雇员通常受到准时制日程安排的约束。最近,日程安排和管理软件的业务在蓬勃发展,Celayix、Smartsheet和Shiftboard等软件重新利用了API和网站的幽灵工作工具包,提供所谓的“预测性日程安排”。这表明,员工日程安排自动化的做法还有很长的路要走。参阅Joan C. Williams et al.,“StableScheduling Increases Productivity and Sales:The Stable SchedulingStudy,”University of California Hastings College of the Law,University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration,University of California Kenan-Flagler Business School,2018,https://www.ssa.uchicago.edu/stable-scheduling-study-reveals-benefits-and-feasibility-retail-families-businesses。

12.Chen, Gray, and Suri, “More than Money.”

13.Mary L. Gray et al., “The Crowd Is a Collaborative Network,”in CSCW ’16: Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (New York: ACM, 2016), 134– 47, https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819942.

201

PDF 物理页索引 201

文件中的第 202 页 · 印刷页码:202

202

PDF 物理页索引 202

文件中的第 203 页 · 印刷页码:203

repr. ed. (New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2016).

25.领英网(LinkedIn)通过一个中介以请求者“奥斯卡·史密斯”的名义发布了名片转录任务。参阅M. Six Silberman and LillyIrani,“Operating an Employer Reputation System:Lessons fromTurkopticon,2008–2015,”Comparative Labor Law & PolicyJournal,February 8,2016,http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2729498。MTurk工人在论坛和社区博客上把“奥斯卡·史密斯”列为因薪酬微薄而臭名昭著的人。参阅“What Is Jon Brelig and Oscar Smith?,”Dirtbag Requesters onAmazon Mechanical Turk(blog),August 29,2013,http://scumbagrequester.blogspot.com/2013/08/what-is-jon-brelig-and-oscar-smith.html,工人的评论是这样的:“这些以‘奥斯卡·史密斯’为幌子发布转录名片的任务来自一个叫CardMunch的应用程序,该应用属于领英网。是的,他们给工人支付的报酬每小时不到1美元,背后其实是一家价值数百万美元的公司……近一年来,MTurk上非美国的新账户做的任务从没有通过。由于工作质量不高,他们正在淘汰这些外国账户。是的,为领英网(又名奥斯卡·史密斯和乔恩·布雷尔)工作的主要是印度人和MTurk新人,因为美国人只要有一点点自尊和自重,就不会为这些人渣工作。”

26.虽然在美国的工人可能有更便宜或更方便的电脑和网络,但这并不意味着他们有财力把赚钱放在次要地位。参阅Chen,Gray,andSuri,“More than Money”。

27.Ibid.

28.Ibid.

29.Ibid.

30.Duffy, (Not) Getting Paid.

31.Chen, Gray, and Suri, “More than Money.”

32.更多做多种零工的美国人的故事,参阅John Bowe,MarisaBowe,and Sabin Streeter,eds.,Gig:Americans Talk About TheirJobs(New York:Broadway Books,2001)。更多关于影子经济和正规就业,参阅LaShawn Harris,Sex Workers,Psychics,andNumbers Runners:Black Women in New York City's UndergroundEconomy(Urbana:University of Illinois Press,2016)。

33.Hochschild and Machung, The Second Shift; Gregg, Work's Intimacy;

203

PDF 物理页索引 203

文件中的第 204 页 · 印刷页码:204

Kylie Jarrett, Feminism, Labour and Digital Media: The Digital Housewife(New York: Routledge, 2015).

36.Shehzad Nadeem, Dead Ringers: How Outsourcing Is Changing the Way Indians Understand Themselves, reprint (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013); Simon Denyer, Rogue Elephant: Harnessing the Power of India's Unruly Democracy (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2014).

37.Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, State of Broadband 2017: Broadband Catalyzing Sustainable Development (Geneva, Switzerland: Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, 2017); World Economic Forum, Special Program of the Broadband Commission and the World Economic Forum, Meeting Report(Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, 2018).

204

PDF 物理页索引 204

文件中的第 205 页 · 印刷页码:205

(所以大多数清洁工是合同制而非工资制,他们挣得少,因为他们创造的价值比不上工程师的价值,前者为后者打扫办公室)。参阅Weil,The Fissured Workplace; Baker,Rigged。

第五章 陌生人的善意与协作的力量

1.社会学家安塞尔姆·施特劳斯(Anselm Strauss)称之为“联结工作”(articulation work),或者说“把所有工作要素始终放在一起的过程”。参阅Anselm Strauss,“The Articulation of Project Work:AnOrganizational Process,”Sociological Quarterly 29,no. 2(June 1,1988):163–78。

2.苏珊·莉·施塔尔(Susan Leigh Star)预料,计算机的采用,以及关于计算过程将取代协作的认知负荷的假设,使联结工作变得更加重要,因为它管理了工作的分布式本质的结果,而这些结果原本是由技术解决的。参阅Susan Leigh Star and Anselm Strauss,“Layers ofSilence,Arenas of Voice:The Ecology of Visible and InvisibleWork,”Computer Supported Cooperative Work(CSCW) 8,no. 1–2(March 1,1999):9–30。

3.在施特劳斯的基础上,人类学家露西·萨奇曼(Lucy Suchman)使用优雅的短语“有技巧的集成”,把联结工作描述成“系统开发和使用的某些被隐藏的层面——或者至少处于背景或阴影中,并将其带到阳光下”。参阅Lucy Suchman,“Supporting Articulation Work,”inComputerization and Controversy,ed. by Rob Kling(San Diego,CA:Academic Press,1996),407–23。

4.Gray et al., “The Crowd,”134–47.

5.2018年,谷歌关键词广告(Google AdWords)更名为谷歌广告(Google Ads)。

6.我们要求工人为自己创建一个昵称,以确保匿名性;然后我们要求工人跟与之交流的所有人交换昵称。他们可以使用任何媒介交换昵称。这项任务从2016年8月持续到9月。更多细节,参阅Yin etal.,“The Communication Network”。

7.仅在印度班加罗尔就有超过265 000个业务流程工作。大多数做这些工作的人从没有去过美国或英国,他们的文化知识完全是在学校、

205

PDF 物理页索引 205

文件中的第 206 页 · 印刷页码:206

在培训中、通过电影、通过与客户日常对话学到的。因此,家庭工坊发展起来,提供私教课程,声称可以提高英语水平、对话技能和西方文化习惯。这些课程的主要目标是消除口音,即根除所谓的“母语影响”(MTI)——把英语作为第二语言后,口音和声调变化的痕迹仍然存在。目标不只是声音听起来像美国人;例如,OrionEdutech等公司也通过播放《老友记》(Friends)或《宋飞正传》(Seinfeld)等美国电视剧,以及让印度人接触美国音乐,来关注西方习俗的文化差异。参阅A. Aneesh,Neutral Accent:HowLanguage,Labor,and Life Become Global(Durham,NC:DukeUniversity Press,2015);J. K. Tina Basi,Women,Identity andIndia's Call Centre Industry(London:Routledge,2009);MahuyaPal and Patrice Buzzanell,“The Indian Call Center Experience:A CaseStudy in Changing Discourses of Identity,Identification,and Career ina Global Context,”Journal of Business Communication 45,no.1(January 1,2008):31–60,https://doi.org/10.1177/0021943607309348;SumitaRaghuram,“Identities on Call:Impact of Impression Management onIndian Call Center Agents,”Human Relations 66,no. 11(November1,2013):1471–96,https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713481069。在对TurkerNation论坛用户的采访中可以看出,一些工人看重线上论坛有两个原因:“如果我没有发现TurkerNation,我肯定赚不到那么多钱。当事情进展缓慢时,我们得到的乐趣是无价的。 ,

9.Yin et al.“The Communication Network.”

10.Ibid.

11.Ibid.

12.Ibid.

13.在这里,我们更感兴趣的是他们如何发现这次任务。关于我们如何获取数据的更多细节,参阅Kingsley,Gray,and Suri,“MarketFrictions,”383–400,and Gray et al.,“The Crowd,”134–47。

14.参阅Salehi et al.,“We Are Dynamo:Overcoming Stalling andFriction in Collective Action for Crowd Workers,”in CHI ’15:Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors inComputing Systems(New York:ACM,2015),1621–30,https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702508。

206

PDF 物理页索引 206

文件中的第 207 页 · 印刷页码:207

第六章 双重底线

1.相比之下,国家救灾工作花了3年时间才将筹集到的国际资金分配到位,而且仅限于帮助那些拥有自己房产的人,这进一步加剧了社会断层。CloudFactory公司的地震救灾资金近75%直接拨给了CloudFactory工人及其家人,其余的捐给了当地政府机构以及城市附近提供食物和避难所的非营利组织。

4.Aaron Smith, Shared, Collaborative, and On Demand: The New Digital Economy (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2016), http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/05/19/on-demand-ride-hailing-apps/.

6.Alex Rosenblat, Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work (Oakland: University of California Press, 2018).

8.Gray et al., “The Crowd,”134–47.

207

PDF 物理页索引 207

文件中的第 208 页 · 印刷页码:208

9.帕里克对企业社会责任的态度是使问题更进一步。他要求企业创始人设计能打开市场的产品和服务,从而满足社会需求,而不是利用流行产品的利润资助慈善事业。帕里克有一些强大的支持者,比如湾区孵化器Y Combinator幕后的风险资本家。帕里克班上注册的学生有机会通过Y Combinator竞争真正的资金支持。菲利普·古特海姆、阿南德·库尔卡尼、普拉亚格·纳鲁拉和戴夫·罗尼兹基参与了课堂项目MobileWorks,赢得了Y Combinator的2011年夏季竞赛,获得了足够的资金雇用一组工程师,开展一场营销活动,搭建一个由世界各地按需工人充当虚拟助手的服务网络。参阅Gray et al.,“TheCrowd”;Anand Kulkarni et al.,“MobileWorks:Designing for Qualityina Managed Crowdsourcing Architecture,”IEEE Internet Computing16,no. 5(September 2012):28–35,https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2012.72。

10.Joel West and Karim R. Lakhani, “Getting Clear about Communities in Open Innovation,”Industry and Innovation 15, no. 2 (2008): 223–31; Boudreau et al., “From Crowds to Collaborators: Initiating Effort & Catalyzing Interactions Among Online Creative Workers,”HBS Working Paper No. 14-060(Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School, January 2014).

11.纳鲁拉指出:“自我组织不是偶然发生的……群体本身需要帮助和支持,方法就是建立某种层级系统,让更有经验的人担任更多管理角色,在这样的角色中,他们能够帮助他们,能够提供支持,能够代表社群直接与客户沟通。在这个组织里,我们就是这样的人。”普拉亚格·纳鲁拉,实地调查访谈,2015年12月11日。

12.2012年,该组织正式从“Universal Subtitles”改名为“Amara”。他们用这个名字,是想在字幕之外提供其他服务,并希望体现它想要建立的社群感:一家具有社会使命的非营利组织,而不是典型的互联网创业公司。之所以选择“Amara”这个词,是因为它是西班牙语“amar”的动词形式,意思是“去爱”;而在梵文中,它的意思是“永恒的”。联合创始人迪安·詹森在接受我们采访时指出,Amara的“律师还担心与‘Universal Films / Studios’发生潜在的商标纠纷,因为他们很早前就进入了媒介空间”。

13.Arun Sundararajan, The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise of Crowd-Based Capitalism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016); Airi Lampinen et al., “Studying the‘Sharing Economy’: Perspectives to Peer-to-Peer Exchange,”in Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference

208

PDF 物理页索引 208

文件中的第 209 页 · 印刷页码:209

Companion on Computer Supported Cooperative Work& Social Computing (New York: ACM, 2015), 117–21, https://doi.org/10.1145/2685553.2699339; Juliet Schor, “Debating the Sharing Economy,”Great Transition Initiative, October 2014, http://www.greattransition.org/publication/debating-the-sharingeconomy; Schor et al., “Paradoxes of Openness and Distinction in the Sharing Economy,”Poetics 54 (2016): 66–81.

209

PDF 物理页索引 209

文件中的第 210 页 · 印刷页码:210

18.John Bellamy Foster, Robert W. McChesney, and R. Jamil Jonna, “The Global Reserve Army of Labor and the New Imperialism,”Monthly Review 63, no. 6 (2011): 1. See also Mark Graham, Isis Hjorth, and Vili Lehdonvirta, “Digital Labour and Development: Impacts of Global Digital Labour Platforms and the Gig Economy on Worker Livelihoods,”Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 23, no. 2 (2017): 135–62, https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258916687250.

结论 接下来的任务

1.参阅Siou Chew Kuek,Cecilia Paradi-Guilford,Toks Fayomi,Saori Imaizumi,Panos Ipeirotis,Patricia Pina,and Manpreet Singh,“The Global Opportunity in Online Outsourcing,”World Bank Group,June 2015;for related,in some cases more conservative,estimates,see Lawrence Mishel,Uber and the Labor Market,Washington,DC: Economic Policy Institute,2018,https://www.epi.org/publication/uberand-the-labor-market-uber-drivers-compensation-wages-and-the-scale-ofuber-and-the-gig-economy/;James Manyika et al.,Independent Work:Choice,Necessity,and the Gig Economy(Washington, DC:McKinsey Global Institute:October 2016), http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-andgrowth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy; James Manyika et al.,Harnessing Automation for a Future That Works(Washington,DC:McKinsey Global Institute:January 2017),http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/digitaldisruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works;Till Alexander Leopold,Saadia Zahidi,and Vesselina Ratcheva,The Future of Jobs:Employment,Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution,World Economic Forum,2016。

2.根据Smith的Gig Work: Online Selling and Home Sharing (2016),美国
8%的成年人表示,2015年他们挣钱的方式包括在线任务(如调查和

210