Cultural Crowdfunding Platform Capitalism, Labour And Globalization

homogenization 9 imperialism 80
cultural crowdfunding 2–4, 61, 67–68, 74, 81–84, 100
cultural industries, the 2, 35, 38–39, 51, 52, 80, 101
Culture and Society (1958) 29
culture, (the term) 30
cybernetic utopia 22

D

DARES (Direction de l’Animation
de la Recherche, des Études et
des Statistiques) 39
degrowth 37
Deleuze, Gilles 65
democratization 4, 62,
100–101, 104
Dia, Gaissiri 85–86
digital labour 59, 63, 102
digital Louvre 52
digital ‘pioneers’ 22–23
Di Lullo, Sebastian 85
disintermediation 4
dispositifs 1, 9, 17, 35
‘disruption’ 8, 35
Downing, John 36

E

East Asia 69, 84
Economia colaborativa en América latina (2016) 91–92
ecosystems 7, 39, 45–46, 53, 87, 90, 95 building 95 platform-based 60, 99
education about platforms 27, 70–73, 85, 93
emancipation 20, 36, 63, 102, 103
employability 7
empowerment 2, 18, 81, 90, 96
Engels, Friedrich 2, 20
entrepreneurialism 7, 35, 47, 63, 88, 91, 96 border-entrepreneur 61, 90 discourses of 7, 68, 85, 88 endogenous and exogenous 87–91 of the ‘multitude’ 37 polymorphous 8, 61, 74, 100
Ethiopia 8, 84, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94–95
Europe and crowdfunding regulation 48
experience goods 41
exploitation 17, 20, 37, 59, 62 of user data 64
Eyeka 44

F

Facebook 37, 66, 73, 86, 88, 94
film sector 41, 42, 94
‘financement participatif’ (participative funding) 29 Financement Participatif France 40
financial monopoly regulations 47
financial risks 24, 27, 102
fintech 63, 82, 83, 96
fiscal policies of states 48
Flichy, Patrice 18, 22, 23, 49, 51, 63
FOMIN fund 90
fonds de dotation 54
Fosburit 43, 69
Foucault, Michel 9, 15–16, 39, 103
France 2, 3, 8, 9, 39–43, 45, 47, 52, 53, 68, 72, 86, 91, 95 growth of platforms in 3 regional platforms 43–44, 82
Freedman, David 21
‘free’ labour 59, 100, 102
free software 22
Free Software Foundation 22
French National Research Agency (ANR) 8, 107
Fuchs, Christian 1, 36, 37, 104
Fundavlog 21
fundraising 4, 5, 7, 23, 25, 26, 36, 64, 71, 74 campaigns 9, 71, 84 goals 6 as pretext for marketing/other activities 89

112

Index

G

gamification 61–63, 100, 102
Gayoso, Émile 49, 64
General Terms and Conditions of Use 49
geography, importance of 6
geolocation 102
Giddens, Anthony 36
gift and counter-gift 26–27 logic of 16, 26–27, 99 platforms 24
gift economy, the 23, 38
gift-giving 23, 26, 28
gifting platforms 2–3, 69–70
gig economy 38
globalization 7, 8, 79–98, 100
Global South, the 8, 79–98, 100 avant-garde of the market epoch 81
grand discourses 81–82, 95
Grégoire (musician) 86
Grenoble 43, 102

H

Hadera, Semina 88
Hahnel, Robin 39
Hardt, Michael 37, 104
Haricot 43, 44
Hebdige, Dick 37
Hemdane, Thameur 93
heritage and cultural financing 4,
43, 44, 47
heritage sector 4, 52
preservation 6, 25, 43, 44
hierarchizations of projects 49, 53
Howe, Jef 16

I

IBM 44
IcogLabs 87
Ideame 82, 85–86, 92
ideological convergence 60
ideological productions 7, 16, 61, 72–74, 95–96, 99
ideology 7, 21, 62, 70, 73, 81–82, 96–97, 103–104 of collaboration and participation 29, 38, 62, 79 of collective intelligence 22, 46 of the ‘creative project worker’ 7 of the Internet 16 of digital technologies 8–9
Indiegogo 2, 40, 41, 46, 84, 87, 91, 101 DIWO (Do It With Others) concept 46 Education Centre 70
individualization 103
individual responsibility 90
industrial convergence 39
inequality and inequalities 16, 17, 29, 53, 62
InfoDev 89, 95, 97
informal economy 80, 88
information flows 1, 19
InnoCentive 17
intellectual property rights 81
Inter-American Development Bank 91
intermediation 8, 27, 36, 45, 62, 63, 74, 90 apparatuses before crowfunding 61
internationality of platforms 5, 47
Internet the ‘collaborative’ 1–2, 21–22
Intouch 83–84

Index

113

investing model, the 21
investment platforms 47, 69–70
iquib 7, 81
iStockphoto 17

J

Jarvis, Thomas 25–26
Jenkins, Henry 18, 62
Jobs Act (US, 2012) 5, 47, 83
Jouan, Marine 47, 61, 62, 67,
71–72, 90
Jumpstarter 84, 87

K

KapitalZocial 85
Kickante 83
Kickstarter 2, 4, 6, 40–42, 49, 52, 66, 71, 84, 91
Kickstarter Campus 70
KissKissBankBank 2, 25, 40–43, 45, 46, 49–50, 64–66, 69, 70, 71, 73, 83, 86 Do It Yourself ‘philosophy’ 46
Kiva 21
Kombuis, Koos 87
Kubo Financiero 83
Kula 26

L

labour 8, 9, 17, 18, 39, 46, 60 forms of 7, 9, 17, 19, 62, 74 invisible 61–63 of networking 67 and participatory cultural platforms 59–77 precarious 64, 88, 104 as a social relation 62–63
labour organization 7, 59, 61, 63–68, 82, 97
labour regulations 81, 88

labour relations 37
Lapavitsas, Costas 82
La Ruche 43, 44, 65
Latin America 83–85, 90–92,
96, 100
Leetchi 41, 48
legitimacy 21, 23, 27, 82, 90, 95
Levy, Pierre 16
libertarianism 23
‘lifestyles’, new 23, 96
litigation 101
loan platforms 47, 69–70
lobbying 47
local authorities 4, 46
‘long tail’ model, the 38
love money 19
ludification (see also
gamification) 63

M

Maia, Rodrigo 88, 93, 96
Malinowski, Bronisław 26
managerialism 7, 16, 49, 72–73
Le Marec, Joëlle 52
Maree, Gerhard 89, 96
Marillion (rock band) 21
Marina Abramovic Institute 52
marketing and communications
52, 72
Martial, Eugène 44
Marx, Karl 2, 20
‘masses’, the 29
Mattelart, Armand 30
Matthews, Jacob 40, 59–98
Mauss, Marcel 26–27
Mediapart 19
Media Participations 45
mentors 46
Mexico 8, 83, 92
MiCochinito 84
Microcultures 43
microeconomics 5

Index

114

Million Penguins, A (wiki-novel project) 26
Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication 100
‘mobile money’ services 83, 84, 87, 88
Mollick, Ethan 6–7
MoMA (Museum of Modern Art) 52
Mont St. Michel 52
MOOCs 94
Mosco, Vincent 7
Musée de la Marine 52
Musée d’Orsay 52
Musée du Louvre 40
museums 52
music sector 4, 21, 27, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 50, 73, 85–87, 97 importance for crowdfunding platforms 41 most funded projects 41
mutual aid 71–72, 80, 81
mutual funds 24
Myartinvest 43
MyMajorCompany 45, 52, 86, 101
mythification 2

N

national public players 91–93
naturalization 2, 19, 21
Negri, Antonio 37, 104
neoliberalism 23, 80
networking 2, 65, 67
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) 94
New Spirit of Capitalism, The (2018) 7, 73
Noël, Jean-Sébastien 65
non-profit organizations 5, 47, 54
Noob (film) 3
normalization 64, 65, 85, 104 transnational 9
Les Nouvelles Frontières du travail à l’ère du numérique (2017) 63
Nutting, Matthew 21

O

Obama, President Barack 47 campaign funding 48
open competition 20
open source community 104
Orange 83–84, 89, 90, 94–97
O’Reilly, Tim 1
outsourcing 7, 16, 17, 19, 39, 62, 99, 101–103

P

Palmer, Amanda 4
Palouki, Christian 87, 92, 93
Paris 102
participation 1–2, 23, 27, 29, 38, 54, 62, 70, 99, 102 allows expression 36 citizen 102 culture of 18 horizontal 20 idea of 7 ideology of 7, 38, 79 as operational tool 16, 28
participative democracy 48, 101
participative funding 23, 104
Participatory Economics 38–39
partnerships 43, 45–47, 67, 70, 82, 91
pasanku 81
pathfinders 62
Patreon 2, 41, 49, 101
patronage 23
Paydunya 83, 87, 93
PayPal 46
Péchan, Romain 62
pedagogy 80, 82, 94–95, 103
peer-production 16
Pellerin, Fleur 35
permanent revolution (see also capitalism) 16, 20
Peru 85
Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) 92
platforms 1 alternative (see also alternative) 37 types of 37–38 as technical apparatuses 48, 99 combined 44 crowdfunding 2, 35, 35–58, 99–105 and labour 59–78 in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America 79–98 models 3–4 cultural 3, 59–78 dependence on contributions of user communities 1 economic performance of 68 equity-based 3 generalist 40–43 integrated 35–36, 44–45 intermediation in 45, 62, 74, 79, 81, 88, 95, 97 lending-based 3 as instruments of ‘liberation’ and ‘value-sharing’ 4, 60 local 43–44, 87, 91 managers of 61, 67–68, 72, 87–89, 94 new cultural paradigm? 4–6 niche 42–43 positioning as partners not competitors 40, 45–47 propagation of 70 public donations to 41–42 quantitative variables of 66–67 strategic use of 53 types of 40–45, 47
PledgeMusic 2, 49
Plekhanov, Georgi 73
potlatch 26
Prêts d’Union 35
Pro8moi 43
Proarti 43, 44 Proartischool 70
productivity 18, 104
profitability 5, 23, 37
project backers 4, 5, 38, 41, 42, 47, 49, 51, 53, 68, 70, 74
project-based city, the 7
project-based model of work 7, 59, 62
project-based value creation 7
project creators and leaders 8, 9, 27, 36, 38, 40–41, 45, 48–54, 64–68, 70–74, 84, 85–89, 101–102 benefits to 51 help for 64, 92 motivations of 5–6 stress of 65
project management 52, 65
project mode of life 103–105
project recommendations 64, 65, 66
projects pre-purchase 27 success of 6, 42, 47, 54, 65–66, 72, 86, 101, 104 factors in 6, 24, 64–65, 103 visibility of 52, 65, 99–100
promotional discourses 68–70
propaganda 73
proprietary code, use of 102
prosumers 62
protest movement 53
proximity and projects 6, 27, 84, 102
public and private, blurring of 7, 43–46
public funding and grants 68–70
publishing 24, 27, 42, 45, 50, 86
Pulitzer, Joseph 25

Index

115

116

Index

punk 37
purple economy, the 54

Q

Quebec 29, 43, 65
Queremos 83

R

Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism, The (2010) 30
religious fundraising 23, 43
Renault, Sophie 63
research contexts of book project 8–9
‘return of the amateur’, the 18
‘revolutionary’ label (crowdfunding and crowdsourcing) 2, 15, 16, 19–20, 28
reward-based platforms 2, 3, 23–24, 39, 40, 65
Rise of Future Finance: The UK Alternative Finance Benchmarking Report, The (2013) 38
Rockethub 25, 40
Rouzé, Vincent 1–13, 15–32, 35–51, 59–78

S

Salmon, Jean-Marc 48
Sandawe 43
Sandoval, Marisol 36
Schneider, Maria 21
Sellaband.com 21
Senegal 8, 84, 86, 92, 95, 97
Shadows (1959) [film] 25
sharing economy 88
‘signalling’ strategies 6
skills 18, 52, 65, 74, 90, 95, 100, 103
communication 68
community-building 101

exchanging and bartering 104 story-telling 72 Slicethepie 2, 21 Smith, Charles 103 Smithsonian, the 52 SNCF 43–44 reforms 48 social capital 6 territorial 6 social engineering 7, 63, 103 social financing 81, 84–86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 97 endogenous and exogenous 95 social justice 39 social media 1, 72, 73, 88 social networks 1, 4, 6, 10, 66–68 Société Générale 83 ‘sociofinancement’ (social funding) 29 South Africa 8, 48, 70, 81, 84, 85, 88–89, 91, 93, 94, 96 Spotify 45 Stallman, Richard 22 Statue of Liberty, the 25 subscription model 24–26 Sullivan, Michael 21 Surowiecki, James 16–17 sustainable development 47, 81 susu 81 Sy, Ken Aicha 86, 97–98

T

Talis Capital 83
tax reductions 47
technology/technological
projects 40, 53, 101–102
technophile discourses 62
three circles, the 66
Thundafund 70, 82, 84, 85, 88,
93, 94
Tipee 41
Tofler, Alvin 62
Tomlinson, Ray 22
tontines 7, 23, 26, 81
Total 84, 90
Touscoprod 43
Tous Mécènes 40, 52
Turner, Fred 22–23
Twain, Mark 24

Index

117

U

Uber 2, 37, 59
uberization 59, 81
ubuntu 70, 81
Udemy 71
UK platforms 68
Ulule 2, 3, 40–44, 46, 52, 64, 66, 86
umgulelo 26
Understanding Alternative Finance: The UK Alternative Finance Industry Report (2014) 38
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 92
United Nations Program for Development (UNPD) 89, 94
user data 49, 64

V

valorization 50, 101, 103
video production 65

W

Waalam 83, 85–86
Wakh’Art 86, 97–98
Warner 45
Music France 86
Web 2.0 1
Weber, Florence 26
Wedemand 83
Weezart 43
West Africa 83, 89, 91
West African Economic and
Monetary Union
(WAEMU) 89, 97
Wiener, Norbert 22
Wikinomics (2006) 45
Wikipedia 22, 27, 102
Williams, Raymond 29
Winckler, Heinz 85
wisdom of crowds, the 16
Wisdom of Crowds, The (2004) 17
work and leisure, blurring of 4,
63, 102
World Bank, the 89, 92, 97
World is Flat, The (2005) 45
world music 86
Wright, Lunda 91

Y

YouTube 46, 97

118

Index

CULTURAL CROWDFUNDING

T ^his ^new ^book ^analyses ^the ^strategies, ^usages ^and ^wider ^implications of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding platforms in the culture of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding platforms in the culture and communication industries that are reshaping economic, organizational and social logics. Platforms are the object of considerable hype with a growing global presence. Relying on individual contributions coordinated by social media to finance cultural production (and carry out promotional tasks) is a significant shift, especially when supported by morphing public policies, supposedly enhancing cultural diversity and accessibility.

The aim of this book is to propose a critical analysis of these phenomena by questioning what follows from decisions to outsource modes of creation and funding to consumers. Drawing on research carried out within the ‘Collab’ programme backed by the French National Research Agency, the book considers how platforms are used to organize cultural labour and/or to control usages, following a logic of suggestion rather than overt injunction. Four key areas are considered: the history of crowdfunding as a system; whose interests crowdfunding may serve; the implications for digital labour and lastly crowdfunding’s interface with globalization and contemporary capitalism. The book concludes with an assessment of claims that crowdfunding can democratize culture.

CREATIVE INDUSTRIES | COMMUNICATION STUDIES | CULTURAL STUDIES

C R I T I C A L D I G I TA L A N D S O C I A L M E D I A S T U D I E S

THE EDITOR

Vincent Rouzé is Associate Professor of Information and Communication Sciences at the University of Paris 8 and a member of the Centre for Media, Technology and Internationalization Studies (Cemti). He is the author of Mythologie de l’iPod (2010) and coedited the volume Financement Participatif: les Nouveaux Territoires du Capitalisme (2019).

W

UNIVERSITYOF WESTMINSTER PRESS

uwestminsterpress.co.uk

9781912656387

8000