--- schema_version: "library-reader-v1" source_type: "original_book" title: "If...Then Algorithmic Power and Politics" author: null edition: null publisher: null year: null isbn: "2017054909" library_document_id: "1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053" source_sha256: "9d6111c11832b55e134d36eb9ec970d190a989ee71c78f6d87e076c351752a78" pdf_physical_page_count: 211 pdf_physical_page_index_base: 0 range_start: 200 range_count: 10 html_url: "https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053?start=200&limit=10" markdown_url: "https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053.md?start=200&limit=10" previous_url: "https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053.md?start=190&limit=10" next_url: "https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053.md?start=210&limit=10" --- # If...Then Algorithmic Power and Politics > 页码规则：PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX 是从 0 开始的权威文件物理页索引；PRINTED_PAGE 是页面中识别出的印刷页码，可能为空，二者不得混用。 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=200 | PRINTED_PAGE=190 190 Bi b liography ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=201 | PRINTED_PAGE=191 Bi b liography 191 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=202 | PRINTED_PAGE=192 192 Bi b liography ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=203 | PRINTED_PAGE=193 Bi b liography 193 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=204 | PRINTED_PAGE=194 194 Bi b liography ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=205 | PRINTED_PAGE=195 A/B testing, 48, 82, 127 accountability, 13, 27, 35, 41–42, 43, 47, 52, 76, 129, 133, 141, 155, 157 actor-network theory, 30, 49, 51 Adresseavisen, 125, 131, 140, 144 afect, 13, 14, 17, 62–65, 93, 94–96, 100, 116–17 see also encounters with algorithms afordances, 23, 131 Aftenposten, 58, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 128, 152 Aftonbladet, 133 agency, 16, 27, 42, 49, 50–51, 55, 56, 147, 151, 155, 156 Ahmed, Sara, 100, 156 Algol 58, 21 algorism, 20–21 algorithmic configurations, 16, 50, 55, 58, 63–64, 72, 143, 146, 151, 155–56 algorithmic culture, 31–32, 150 algorithmic decision-making, 34, 35, 41, 46, 53, 55 algorithmic discrimination, 29–30, 36, 39, 43, 45–46, 51, 55, 56, 102 see also bias; “racist” algorithms algorithmic imaginary, 113–16, 117, 156–57 algorithmic life, 12, 13, 67, 149–59 see also orientations; technicity algorithmic power and politics, 3–4, 8, 13–14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 34, 35, 41, 55, 119–20, 146–47, 151, 155, 159 see also encounters with algorithms; gatekeeping; government and governmentality; multiplicity of algorithms; ontological politics in contemporary media landscape, 16, 18, 20, 32–40, 122 diagrammatics of algorithms, 72–74 micropolitics of power, 94, 116 algorithmic timeline, 39, 93, 112 al-Khwarizmi, Abdullah Muhammad bin Musa, 20–21 Amazon, 31, 51, 101, 102–3, 149, 153–54 Anderson, Benedict, 51, 94, 113, 114 Anderson, C.W., 29, 122, 124, 130 antiepistemology, 44 Apple Music, 54 architectural model of power, 73, 92, 95 architecture, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 114 Aristotle, 8, 11 artificial intelligence, 27, 56, 97, 151 Ashby, Ross, An Introduction to Cybernetics, 59–62 assemblages, 8, 22, 30, 50–51, 64, 82, 142, 144, 152, 155 auditing, 43, 45, 60 automation, 9, 25, 31, 32 autonomy, 13, 42, 72 Barad, Karen, 16, 49, 51, 120, 121, 125, 146, 154, 155 Barocas, Solon, 25–27, 53 Bayes’ theorem, 28, 61 Beer, David, 29, 33, 34, 103, 104, 114 Bennet, Jane, 49, 120 Berlingske, 143 bias, 35, 36, 39, 41, 45, 52–53, 55–56, 58, 86, 90, 106, 118, 120, 152, 154 see also algorithmic discrimination; “racist” algorithms big data, 2, 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 54, 130, 139, 150 black boxes, 16, 41, 42–47, 50, 56, 58, 59–60, 61, 64, 65 cybernetic notion, 43, 60, 61, 62, 77 opening up, 43–44, 45–46, 47, 50 blogging, 111, 123, 124 Bogost, Ian, 38–39 Boland, Brian, 85–86 Bosworth, Andrew, 70, 79 boundary-making practices, 146, 148, 152, 155, 157–59 business models, 6, 8, 48, 108, 128 calculation, 20, 32, 140 Callon, Michael, 32, 44, 50, 58, 143 categorization, 5, 10, 14–15, 102, 103, 115, 155 Index 195 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=206 | PRINTED_PAGE=196 Chartbeat, 131, 132 chronos, 80, 149 Chun, Wendy, 28, 149 clicking consciously, 101, 109–13, 114 collaborative filtering, 1, 114, 154 communication studies, 15, 72 computable friendships, 8–12 see also Facebook friendships; programmed sociality computational journalism see journalism computational thinking, 145–46 computer-assisted reporting (CAR), 122, 123 configurations see algorithmic configurations Cooren, François, 125, 126 co-production, 1, 72 Couldry, Nick, 6, 63, 68 Cox, Chris, 79, 86–87 critical algorithm studies, 15, 29, 35 culture, 29, 38, 39, 60, 71, 90, 117 algorithms and, 31–32, 150 computing, 72, 87 at Facebook, 68, 69, 70–72, 81–82, 91 of secrecy, 43 software studies, 29–30 cybernetics, 43, 59–60, 61, 62, 77, 115 cyborgs, 63, 97 Danish news media, 124, 125, 130, 131, 143 see also Scandinavian news media data analytics, 2, 122, 130, 131, 132 data mining, 28, 32 data structures, 5, 22–23 databases, 2, 5, 22, 25, 32, 122, 133 De Vries, Katja, 102, 115 decision-making see algorithmic decision-making; human decision-making DeepFace (Facebook), 27 definitions of algorithms, 19, 20, 21–22, 23, 28, 30, 157, 158 Deleuze, Gilles, 49, 51, 73, 88, 94 democratic function of journalism, 132, 139 democratic society, threats to, 119, 129, 141 deterministic algorithms, 23–24 Deuze, Mark, 1, 66–67 Diakopoulos, Nick, 29, 33–35, 60, 122 disciplinary power, 37, 88–89, 91–92 disciplinary societies, 83, 84, 88 Discover Weekly (Spotify), 54 discrimination see algorithmic discrimination; bias; “racist” algorithms Dodge, Martin 14, 29, 30, 114 Dourish, Paul 5, 56–57 echo chambers, 121–22, 129, 139, 142 EdgeRank algorithm (Facebook), 77–78, 80, 82, 97 editorial responsibility, 121–122, 135, 141–42, 148 see also Facebook news feed; journalism Elmer, Greg, 13, 102 encounters with algorithms, 14, 17, 93–101, 109, 113–17, 148, 150–51, 156–57 clicking consciously everyday, 109–13 personal stories, 7–8, 17, 98–117 phenomenological perspective, 61–63 “strange encounters,” 63, 100 engineering participation, 69–74 see also Facebook news feed Enlightenment vision, 42, 44, 47, 59 entanglement, 14, 16, 20, 31, 38, 68, 72, 148, 151 Entscheidungsproblem, 21 epistemology of algorithms, 16, 42, 46, 56, 59–60, 64–65 Espeland, Wendy N., 9, 32 eventfulness of algorithms, 16, 20, 48–55, 121, 142, 145, 147 experimentation, 48, 60, 62 Facebook, 1–2, 5, 18, 25, 28, 41, 47–48, 58, 60, 66–68, 85, 95, 129, 132, 143–144, 148–151 see also Facebook friendships; Facebook news feed; Zuckerberg, Mark engineering culture, 68–72, 81–82, 91 face recognition, 26–27 goals of, 69, 71–72, 150 “hacker way,” 69–72 headquarters, 70–71, 81, 91 openness, ethics of, 70–71 work in progress, 28, 48 Facebook Chat, 71, 79 Facebook friendships, 4–15, 13, 98, 109, 153 concept of friendship, 8–9 “guilt by association,” 13–15 PYMK feature, 9, 14 target ads, 13, 14, 80, 101–2 “top friends,” 10–11 Facebook Help Center, 74–75 Facebook news feed, 2, 10, 15, 16–17, 38, 39, 53, 62, 67, 68, 71, 74–77, 80–81, 89, 106, 136, 141, 142, 144, 148, 156 algorithmic architecture, 85, 87–88 algorithmic logic, 17, 67, 75 “Californian code,” 119, 121, 129, 141 censorship allegations, 58–59, 119, 121, 148, 152 communication stories, 85–87, 89 competition, 85, 86 editorial responsibility, 55, 118, 119, 121, 141, 152 emotion experiment (2014), 75, 76 “fake news,” 119, 121, 147, 156, 157 friendships see Facebook friendships gatekeeping, 88, 98 “most recent”/ “top news” versions, 74–6, 85–7 News Feed FYI (blog series), 74, 80, 87 participatory subjectivity, 17, 88–90, 155 personal algorithm stories, 7–8, 95–96, 98–100–2, 104–5, 107–8 ranking algorithm, 77–82, 91, 155–56 reverse engineering, 113 “Terror of War” image controversy (2016), 58–59, 97, 119, 125–26, 148 Ticker, 74, 86 trending topics controversy (2016), 51–52, 53, 55–56, 118–19, 121, 152 visibility, 17, 75, 78–79, 84, 88, 92, 159 threat of invisibility, 17, 84–89, 96 ‘Year in Review’ fiasco, 104 facial recognition, 26–28, 35 fake news, 118, 119, 121, 147, 148, 156, 157 feature engineering, 25 filter bubbles, 34, 121, 129, 139, 140, 142, 146, 154 financial accountability, 129, 141 folk theories, 97 Foucault, Michel, 17, 20, 32, 73–74, 94, 120, 143, 147 government and governmentality, 32, 33, 36–38, 73, 156 panopticism, concept of, 82–84, 85, 92 power, concept of, 3, 33–35, 37, 69, 73, 83, 116–17, 153, 155 disciplinary model, 37, 88–89, 91–92 surveillance, notion of, 17, 82, 83, 88, 91, 92 friendship, 5, 6, 8–9, 12–13, 13–14 computable, 5, 8–12 see also Facebook friendships; programmed sociality Galison, Peter, 43, 44 Galloway, Alexander, 30, 45, 61 Gans, Herbert, Deciding What’s News, 130–31 gatekeeping, 7–8, 34, 88, 98, 107, 112, 132, 138 Gillespie, Tarleton, 5, 9, 15, 22, 25, 29, 30–33, 36, 72, 76, 81, 101, 110–11, 113, 152, 156, 157 Gomez-Uribe, C.A., 47–48 Google, 6, 27, 35, 36, 41, 45, 51, 60, 107, 129, 131, 141, 143, 149, 152 Flu Tracker, 28–29 “racist” algorithms, 27–28, 51 government and governmentality, 32, 33, 36–38, 73, 156 Gray, Rebecca, 96, 115 Guardian, 52, 77 196 Index ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=207 | PRINTED_PAGE=197 hacker culture (Facebook), 69–72 Hacking, Ian, 9–10, 11, 32 Hallinan, Blake, 29, 150 Hansen, Espen Egil, 119, 121, 122, 125–26, 129 Hardy, Quentin, 70, 72 history of algorithms, 20–21, 31–32 House of Cards, 2, 149 human agency, 53–54, 55, 118, 141, 145, 152, 153, 154–55 see also bias; values human algorithms, 39, 104 human decision-making, 35, 72, 119 human experience, capturing of, 99, 104–5, 120 human instincts/gut feelings see under journalism human-computer interaction (HCI), 29 Hunt, N., 47–48 hybrid assemblages, 8, 50, 51 hybrid media system, 144, 148 “if. . . then” statements, 21–22, 24, 159 ignorance, 56, 57–59, 64 image recognition, 26–28, 35, 36, 162 n16 Ingold, Tim, 62, 98, 102 Instagram, 39, 98, 103, 105, 107, 110–112, 150 #InstagramAlgorithm, 98, 107 Internet, 1, 34, 66, 123 Introna, Lucas D., 29, 31, 35–37, 50–51, 151 invisibility see visibility iTromsø,125, 130, 135, 140 journalism, 18, 29, 31, 38, 52, 118, 120–24 computational, 123–24, 130, 133, 139–40, 145–46 democratic function, 132, 139 “editor-controlled” algorithms, 140–41 editorial responsibility, 121–22, 133, 135, 139, 141, 148, 152 “gut feelings”/“instincts,”138, 139, 145, 147 limitations of algorithms, 138–40 material-discursive practices, 126 personalization, 130, 131, 133–34, 135–36, 139–41 problematic algorithms, 55, 120, 134–38, 139, 140, 141–42, 148, 158 problematization of algorithms, 142–47 “reverse engineering” algorithms, 60 Scandinavian case study, 124–48 “structured,”133 values, 128, 129, 132, 134, 137, 139, 141–42, 146 “good” and “bad” algorithms, 6, 147, 148, 158 “right” journalistic values, 141–42, 158 JP/Politikens Hus, 128 Jyllandsposten, 125, 130, 140, 143 kairos, 80, 149–50 Kitchin, Rob, 14, 21, 29–30, 114 Knorr-Cetina, Karin, 46–47, 59 knowable known unknowns, 43 knowing algorithms, 14, 18, 41, 42, 43–44, 46, 47, 57, 59, 60, 85, 113, 122, 151, 158 practical knowing, 61–62, 98 knowledge alibis, 57 known unknowns, 43, 59–61 Knuth, Donald, 20, 22, 23 Kroll, Joshua A., 44–46, 57 Lash, Scot, 33–4, 72 Last.fm, 34 Latour, Bruno, 4, 18, 44, 49–52, 58, 60, 64 Law, John, 3, 15, 32, 39, 49, 64, 120, 151 Lemke, Thomas, 33–4, 36, 38 Lenglet, Mark, 29, 31 Levy, Stevy, Hackers, 69 Lewis, Seth C., 122, 124, 145 living with algorithms, 82, 100–101, 109 see also encounters with algorithms Index 197 ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=208 | PRINTED_PAGE=198 McCormack, Derek P., 99–100 McGoey, Linsey, 56–57 machine-learning algorithms, 20, 23–28, 32, 35–36, 53, 95, 97, 116, 156, 157 deep learning, 25, 27 facial recognition, 26–27 feature extraction, 25 models, 24–25 problematic results, 27–28 strategic unknowns, as, 56–58 supervised/semi-supervised learning, 24, 25–26 Mackenzie, Adrian, 14, 24, 26, 29, 30, 61, 67, 68, 87, 88, 90, 142 “making up people,” 9–10, 32 material-discursive practices, 120, 125, 126, 147, 151 materiality, 8, 17, 30, 68, 69, 72, 90, 120, 121, 125, 158 see also relational materialism; sociomateriality matering, 18, 55, 120–21, 122, 125, 146, 147 media, 1, 29 see also algorithmic power and politics; news media; social media media studies, 15, 68 memories, 103–4 Menlo Park (Facebook HQ), 70 mental models, 96–97, 115 methodological tactics, 15, 16, 42, 59–64, 151 Meyer, Philip, Precision Journalism, 122, 123 Michael, Mike, 49, 58 micropolitics, 94, 116 Microsoft, 152 misidentifications, 102–3, 115 Mol, Annemarie, 3, 15–16, 19, 39, 49, 56, 121, 151 Moses, Robert, 23, 35 multiplicity of algorithms, 19–20, 27, 39, 42, 48 power of algorithms, 32–38 see also algorithmic power and politics social concerns, 29–32 targeting the algorithm, 38–40 music-streaming, 54 naive Bayes classifier, 26, 61 Narrative Science, 124 Naughton, John, 52–53 nearest neighbour algorithm, 27 negative knowledge, 46–47, 59 Netflix, 2, 31, 47, 48, 62, 99, 108 recommender system, 47–48, 105 “taggers,” 53 neural networks, 27, 59 New York Times, 53, 70, 77 news feed algorithms, 2, 3, 72–74 see also Facebook news feed news media, 6, 17–18, 55, 114, 118, 120–24, 150, 158 see also fake news; journalism; Scandinavian news media computerization and digitization, 120, 122–24 newsworthiness, 26, 53 nonknowledge, 46, 47, 61–62 Norwegian news media, 124, 125, 131, 133, 138 see also Aftenposten; Scandinavian news media OKCupid, 105 OKCupid, 105 Omni, 18, 125, 133–34, 136–38, 139, 140, 145–46 ontological politics, 3, 16, 18, 39–40, 56, 120, 146, 148, 151, 157–58 ontology of software see under software operational logics, 12, 17, 21, 60–61, 63, 105, 109, 110, 112, 113, 144 Facebook algorithm, 77, 92 Oremus, Will, 48, 53, 78 orientations, 3, 8, 31, 127, 154–57 page generation algorithm, 47–48 PageRank, 39 Panopticon, 74, 82–84, 85, 92 Papacharissi, Zizi, 98, 99, 115 participatory subjectivity, 17, 88–90, 92, 155 Pasquale, Frank, The Black Box Society, 29, 34–35, 41–42, 45 patern recognition, 25, 57 performativity, 1, 4, 28, 31, 38, 50 personal algorithm stories see encounters with algorithms personalization, 47, 105, 108–9, 127, 128, 129 see also under journalism personalized video ranker (PVR), 47 pharmacological objects, 146 phenomenological approach, 61–63, 151 plagiarism algorithms, 37 playful learning, 62, 112–13 Polaris Media, 125, 128, 140 politics, 3, 67 see also algorithmic power and politics; ontological politics Politiken, 125, 131, 139, 143 popularity, 2, 89–90, 100, 105–9 post-ANT, 49 post-truth, 118, 147 power, 16, 72–73, 153, 155 see also algorithmic power and politics; disciplinary power concepts of, 33, 116–17 see also under Foucault, Michel 198 Index ## PDF_PHYSICAL_PAGE_INDEX=209 | PRINTED_PAGE=199 microphysics of, 68, 94 micropolitics of, 94, 116 practical knowledge, 61–62, 98 precision journalism, 122 predictions, 6, 11, 20, 28, 82 problematic algorithms, 27, 45, 55–56, 102–3, 107–8, 134, 136, 148, 158 see also journalism problematic of the unknown, 42–46, 64 problematization, 120, 142–47 process-relational philosophy, 16, 49, 120–21 profiling, 101–3 profit, 6, 102, 130, 153 programmed algorithms, 23–24 programmed sociality, 1, 4–15, 69, 114, 153, 158–59 see also Facebook friendships programming languages, 21, 22 PYMK feature, 9, 14 Rabinow, Paul, 142–43, 147 “racist” algorithms, 27–28, 36, 51 radar philosophy, 43 Rader, Emilee, 96, 115 Rajchman, John, 73, 84 Ranciére, Jacques, 67, 92, 100 ranking algorithm see under Facebook news feed regulation, 35, 52, 76 relational agency, 16, 50 relational impulses, 5, 6, 9 relational materialism, 8, 16, 50, 56 relational ontology, 42, 47, 49, 50–51 relational perspective, 52, 53, 54, 68, 116, 155 representational resting points, 97 responsibility, 13, 27, 53–54, 56, 75, 138, 154, 156, 157, 159 see also editorial responsibility reverse engineering, 59–60, 85, 111, 113 Rieder, Bernhard, 26, 30, 61 robot journalism, 124, 140 robotics, 97 robots, 39, 55, 119, 122, 124, 127, 128, 138 Sandvig, Christian, 43, 45, 58, 60, 93, 97 Sauder, Michael 9, 32 Scandinavian news media (case study), 18, 124–32 beter workflows, 131–34 data sources, 124–25 digital innovation, 128–29 editor-controlled algorithm, 140–41 potential of algorithms, 127–31 problematic algorithms, 134–38 Schibsted, 125, 128, 133, 134, 141 Schibsted Media Platform, 128 Schütz, Alfred, 62, 63, 97 science and technology studies (STS), 3, 15, 23, 29, 43, 72 search engines, 28, 30–31, 34–35, 48, 57, 60, 107 see also Google Seaver, Nick, 29, 30, 48, 68 secrecy, 41, 42–43, 44–45, 60 security, 29, 37, 57, 91–92, 94 Selbst, Andrew 25–27, 53 sensor technologies, 96 Simondon, Gilbert, 14, 49, 153, 154 Snapchat, 66, 107, 112 social analytics, 63 social concerns, 29–32, 46 social imaginary, 113 social media, 1–2, 4, 5–12, 13, 74, 80, 84 see also Facebook; machine-learning algorithms; programmed sociality; Twiter news media, competition with, 143–44 users’ stories see encounters with algorithms social media production studies, 68 Social Network, The (film), 66 social values see values sociality, 4 see also programmed sociality sociology, 29, 31 sociomateriality, 14, 15, 31, 50, 90, 148 software, 2, 3, 22, 68, 153 and sociality see programmed sociality variable ontology of, 30, 54, 88, 90–91, 151 software studies, 15, 29–30 Solberg, Erna, 58, 152 spam filtering, 26 speech recognition, 27 Spotify, 54, 99 statistical reasoning, 32 statistical society, 9–10 Steinberg, Ari, 77–78 Stewart, Kathleen, 94, 99, 104, 117 strange encounters see encounters with algorithms strategic unknowns, 56, 58, 59, 63–64 Strathern, Marilyn, 32, 43, 46 Striphas, Ted, 29, 31, 150 structured journalism, 133 structured programming, 22 STS see science and technology studies Suchman, Lucy, 64, 97, 126, 146, 155, 157–58 surveillance, 17, 29, 35, 82, 83, 88, 91, 92, 114 Svenska Dagbladet, 125, 140, 141 Sveriges Radio, 125, 136, 146 Swedish news media, 124, 125, 133, 140–41 see also Omni; Scandinavian news media targeting, 38–40 Taste Profiles (Spotify), 54 Tay (Microsoft), 152 Taylorism, 32 technicity, 14, 153–54 technography, 60–61, 77, 151 technologies, interaction with, 96–97 “Terror of War” image controversy see under Facebook news feed thing-power, 120 Index 199 下一段：[继续读取](https://workshop.closeclaw.top/api/ai/read/1d3bd28e-c1ba-4af2-8580-60b32ef26053.md?start=210&limit=10)