Malign Velocities Accelerationism and Capitalism

ACCELERATIONISM AND CAPITALISM

zero books

WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING ABOUT

MALIGN VELOCITIES

Always deterritorialize! Or so goes the mantra of recent “accelerationist” theory. Intoxication against intoxication, schizophrenia against schizophrenia, delirium against delirium – the accelerationist tendencies of millennial life are laid bare in this concise volume by the author who first suggested the term. From the historical avant-garde, through Detroit techno and science fiction, to Nick Land and the Cybernetic Cultures Research Unit (CCRU), Benjamin Noys reveals the ideological fantasies of speed. We should dismiss accelerationism for its capitalophilia, he concludes, but preserve it for its extremism: go far, go deep and go negative to get real.

Alexander R. Galloway, author of The Interface Effect

The notion that ‘the worse, the better’ has an obvious appeal to disempowered communists in a time of capitalist crisis. Malign Velocities steps in and registers the futurist thrill of those theorists who would arrive at communism via an advanced, high tech capitalism – and registers the often disastrous results of these ‘accelerations’, which took us more often to Stalinism or neoliberalism than to utopia. Noys’s writing is erudite, clear, and coloured by the darkest humour.

Owen Hatherley, author of Uncommon

In the midst of a hair-shirt neoliberalism, with growth-rates stagnating and accumulation reliant on ever-deeper dispossession, the sirens of speed are once again luring the advocates of radical theory. Malign Velocities diagnoses the moment of ‘accelerationism’ with exacting lucidity, revisiting prior iterations of the idea of an excessive exit from the clutches of capital – from futurism to cyberpunk – and uncovering these theories’ politicaleconomic unconscious, the accelerationist’s fantasy of labour. Noys’s book is a model of dialectical critique, combining a sophisticated account of accelerationism’s historical conditions of possibility with an incisive verdict about its incapacity to generate strategies adequate to this conjuncture of crisis. Malign Velocities succeeds in both being true to the materialist injunction not to tell oneself stories and in weaving an engrossing tale of theory’s struggles with the limits and compulsions of capitalism.

Alberto Toscano, Reader in Critical Theory, Goldsmiths, and author of Fanaticism: On the Uses of an Idea

Malign Velocities

Accelerationism & Capitalism

Benjamin Noys

Winchester, UK

Washington, USA

First published by Zero Books, 2014 Zero Books is an imprint of John Hunt Publishing Ltd., Laurel House, Station Approach, Alresford, Hants, SO24 9JH, UK office1@jhpbooks.net www.johnhuntpublishing.com www.zero-books.net

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Text copyright: Benjamin Noys 2013

ISBN: 978 1 78279 300 7

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduction: ‘Accelerate the Process’
The Bad New
The Destructive Element
Heretics of Marx
The Road of Excess

1. War Machines

Cruel Razors of Velocity
In the Lunapark
Mechanical Asceticism
Unknown Soldiers

1. Leaps! Leaps! Leaps!: Communist Accelerationism

In the Highest Degree Tragic
Iron Man
Tempos Decide Everything
Storming Heaven

1. Machine-Being

Mystical Machines
Rocketman
Sex-Work-Machine

1. Cyberpunk Phuturism

The Thrill and Threat of Materialization
Techno-Phuturism
Cybergothic Remix
Stasis Today

1. Apocalyptic Acceleration

Immanent Tendencies

Deviations of the Tendency Through a Glass Darkly

1. Terminal Acceleration Wallowing in the Mud Barbarism or Barbarism?

1. Emergency Brake Over the Dead Body of Capitalism The Slob Angelic Locomotives Revolutions per Minute

Conclusion: The Moving Contradiction A Supposedly Fun Thing Impossible Labor People are Afraid to Merge

Notes

Acknowledgements

My ongoing conversations with Alberto Toscano have been vital to formulating this book. I have also benefited from discussions with Alexander R. Galloway, Matteo Pasquinelli, Armen Avanessian, John Cunningham, Oxana Timofeeva, Federico Luisetti, Ross Wolfe, Owen Hatherley, Harrison Fluss, Federico Campagna, Sami Khatib, Daniel Spaulding, Daniel Marcus, Steve Shaviro, Andrew Osborne, Jaleh Mansoor, and Anthony Iles. Hilan Bensusan was generous enough to invite me to speak in Brasilia on accelerationism and to guide me around the city. Alex Williams and Nick Srnicek were kind enough to share their pro-accelerationist work with an enemy, and to engage with debate over my arguments. I’d like to thank Eugene Brennan for his close and careful reading of the manuscript. Anindya Bhattachryya helpfully supplied useful soundtrack suggestions. Dean Kenning deserves special thanks for providing the cover image. All errors are, as usual, my own. Above all, my thanks go to Fiona Price, for her support, criticism, and advice.

Chapter 4 draws on material published as ‘Speed Machines’, in Nyx ‘Machines’ (2012), and Chapter 5 on the article ‘Apocalypse, Tendency, Crisis’, published in Mute: Culture and Politics After the Net 2.15 (2010). I would like to thank the editors of those journals for permission to reuse this work. I want to thank Mark Fisher for inviting me to the ‘Accelerationism’ event, at Goldsmiths, on 14 September 2010, and for all those who participated in the resulting discussions. I also want to thank Matteo Pasquinelli and Armen Avanessian for inviting me to Berlin for the Accelerationism Symposium on December 14 2013 and for the papers and discussions on that day.

Preface

Speed is a problem. Our lives are too fast, we are subject to the accelerating demand that we innovate more, work more, enjoy more, produce more, and consume more. Hartmut Rosa declares that today we face a ‘totalitarian’ form of social acceleration.1 That’s one familiar story. I want to tell another, stranger, story here: of those who think we haven’t gone fast enough. Instead of rejecting the increasing tempo of capitalist production they argue that we should embrace and accelerate it. We haven’t seen anything yet as regards what speed can do. Such a counsel seems to be one of cynicism, suggesting we come to terms with capitalism as a dynamic of increasing value by actively becoming hyper-capitalist subjects. What interests me is a further turn of the screw of this narrative: the only way out of capitalism is to take it further, to follow its lines of flight or deterritorialization to the absolute end, to speed-up beyond the limits of production and so to rupture the limit of capital itself. To be clear from the start, I don’t agree with this story. The core idea of this book originated in the early ’90s, when I first encountered the work of Nick Land and the Cybernetic Cultures Research Unit (CCRU) while working on a thesis on Georges Bataille. This work, as I will discuss in Chapter 4, is the one of the most explicit statements of the desire to accelerate beyond capital. Formulated in the language of science-fiction and contemporary theory (particularly the work of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari), Land and the CCRU rigorously abandoned any humanist residues. Land and his colleagues at the University of Warwick strove for a new post-human state beyond any form of the subject, excepting the delirious processes of capital itself. They claimed that the replication and reinforcement of capital’s processes of deterritorialization – of flux and flow – would lead to a cybernetic offensive capital could no longer control. Reading this fullblown accelerationism alongside discussions of the New Right and their aim to ‘dissolve’ the state led me, at the time, to coin the term ‘Deleuzian Thatcherism’. It was the resurgence of these ideas in the ’00s, including the republication of Land’s essays,2 that made me return to these questions and offer a more precise critical description by using the term ‘accelerationism’.3 It turns out that term occurs in Roger Zelazny’s scifi novel Lord of Light (1967), which I’d read. The unconscious, as usual, works in mysterious ways. After my initial critical analysis a new wave of contemporary accelerationism emerged and it was this fact, especially as this took place at a time of capitalist crisis, that led me to write this book.

My aim is not to offer an exhaustive account of accelerationism, but rather to choose certain moments at which it emerges as a political and cultural strategy. In the Introduction I begin with the theorization of accelerationism by a small group of French theorists in the early to mid-1970s. This brief moment of theoretical excess is, I will argue, a paradoxical attempt to articulate a path beyond a capitalism that seems to have absorbed and recuperated all opposition. It will provide the key which will unlock the different historical moments of acceleration that I then track. Starting with Italian Futurism, I proceed through Communist accelerationism following the Russian Revolution, to fantasies of integration with the machine, the Cyberpunk Phuturism of the ’90s and ’00s, the apocalyptic accelerationism of the post-2008 moment of crisis, and the negative form of terminal accelerationism. In the final chapter I return to the 1920s and 1930s to restage the debate around accelerationism through the encounter between Walter Benjamin and Bertolt Brecht. This scene condenses the problem of acceleration and the production of the new. In my conclusion I want to suggest a way out of the impasse, which doesn’t simply counter acceleration with a desire to slow down.

As this is a work written out of the sense of the difficulty of defeating accelerationism, I don’t hope to write its epitaph here. I can’t deny the appeal of accelerationism, particularly as an aesthetic. What I want to do is suggest some reasons for the attraction that accelerationism exerts, particularly as it appears as such a counterintuitive and defeatist strategy. I’ll argue that this attraction relies on the ways in which accelerationism takes-up labor under capitalism as site of extreme and perverse enjoyment. The use by accelerationists of the concept of jouissance – that French word used to refer to an enjoyment so intense it is indistinguishable from pain, a kind of masochism – is the sign of this. While accelerationism wants to accelerate beyond labor, in doing so it pays attention to the misery and joys of labor as an experience. If we are forced to labor, or consigned to the other hell of unemployment, then accelerationism tries to welcome and immerse us in this inhuman experience. While this fails as a political strategy it tells us much about the impossible experience of labor under capitalism. We are often told labor, or at least ‘traditional labor’, is over; the very excesses of accelerationism indicate that labor is still a problem that we have not solved. That I think the accelerationist solution of speeding through labor is false will become evident. This does not, however, remove the problem itself.

Benjamin Noys

Bognor Regis, 2014

Introduction: ‘Accelerate the Process’

Don’t start from the good old things but the bad new ones. Bertolt Brecht

The Bad New

I want to begin with the moment when the strategy of accelerating through and beyond capitalism was first explicitly theorized. This took place in France in the early to mid-1970s with three books, each appropriately trying to outdo and out-accelerate the other in the attempt to give this strategy its most provocative form. It is these works that frame the debate concerning acceleration and which probe the tense relation between strategies of acceleration and the solvent forces of capitalism.

The first is Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1972), which, as its title suggests, was devoted to a scathing critique of psychoanalysis for confining the force of desire within the Oedipal grid. The ambitions of the book, as its subtitle indicates, went far beyond this. Deleuze and Guattari reevaluated schizophrenia as the signature disorder of contemporary capitalism, arguing that the breakdowns of the schizophrenic were failed attempts to break through the limits of capitalism. Capitalism was unique for unleashing the forces of deterritorialization and decoding that other social forms tried to constrain and code. This release was, however, always provisional on a reterritorialization that dragged desire back into the family and the Oedipal matrix, recoding what it had decoded.

Deleuze and Guattari’s strategy for revolution was posed in a series of rhetorical questions:

But which is the revolutionary path? Is there one? – To withdraw from the world market, as Samir Amin advises Third World Countries to do, in a curious revival of the fascist ‘economic solution’? Or might it be to go in the opposite direction? To go further still, that is, in the movement of the market, of decoding and deterritorialization? For perhaps the flows are not yet deterritorialized enough, not decoded enough, from the viewpoint of a theory and practice of a highly schizophrenic character. Not to withdraw from the process, but to go further, to ‘accelerate the process,’ as Nietzsche put it: in this matter, the truth is that we