The Stack On Software and Sovereignty

1. Even though the UN ’ s 1967 Outer Space Treaty stated that no country could claim the moon, Dennis Hope sold pieces of it anyway. Hope is the owner of the “ Lunar Embassy Corporation ” and has sold plots of moon land to 3.7 million people since 1980. The Nevada entrepreneur believed that he could claim the moon under the guise of a galactic government that he created. This government would technically be exempt from the UN ’ s treaty. Unfortunately for Hope and the other lunar loonies, the UN treaty also exempts private citizens of terrestrial governments from claiming stake in the moon. Victoria Jaggard, “ Who Owns the Moon? The Galactic Government vs the UN, ” National Geographic, July 17, 2009, http:// news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090717-who-owns-moon-real-estate.html. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, “ Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, ” January 1967, http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/SpaceLaw/outerspt.html.

1. McKenzie Wark, Molecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene (London: Verso, 2015); Kim Stanley Robinson, Red Mars (New York: Bantam Books; 1993); Kim Stanley Robinson, Green Mars (New York: Bantam Books, 1994); Kim Stanley Robinson, Blue Mars (New York: Bantam Books, 1996).

1. Arjun Appadurai, “ Sovereignty without Territoriality: Notes for a Postnational Geography, ” in Geography of Identity, ed. Patricia Yaeger (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 40 – 58.

1. Geodesign is hampered, however, not only by the complexity of its brief but also by the traditions of humanist politics across the spectrum. Moreover, many, if not most, of these traditions are, on more rigorous examination, less about politics than matters of faith and cultural identity, symptomatic responses that may incur catastrophe by their intransigence. Historian of science, Naomi Oreskes, often makes the point about climate change denial that the strength of belief (or disbelief) often has little to do with a conviction about the state of the science, or even necessarily the state of what the science describes. It stems rather from a distrust or fear of the policies that seem most relevant to mitigate against it, especially big, coordinated, infrastructure-level transnational governance. For a rightist libertarian at home on the range in his mind, nothing could be more unwelcome, and so competing conspiracy theories take the place of thinking and knowing. Oreskes, however, makes another point, which is that the longer that decisive action on climate change is delayed, the more draconian and even totalitarian would be any necessary measures to keep civilization afloat. A pinch of governance now saves a pound later, and so the filibustering inaction actually does more to guarantee the arrival of what the right (supposedly) fears most.

Responses like this are by no means confined to the right. Now that The Stack has emerged as a globally hegemonic system, we see on the left an unfortunate knee-jerk antidigital technology politics. When “ the Internet ” was seen as a way to decentralize and distribute power horizontally, disintermediating older institutions, then a “ net politics ” for the multitude was essential, but now that it is seen instead as an architecture for the consolidation and instrumentalization of power in volumetric space, then the Left falls into familiar stances well suited to critique but not to design or to the possession of power. Some discourses have trouble keeping straight whether the chief critique is “ client side ” (that neoliberalism foists all governing responsibility onto atomized individuals who cannot possibly decide on systemic problems) or “ server side ” (that massive state-scale platforms control systems-scale governance, leaving individuals no ability to maneuver autonomously). It is true that in theory, both can be true at the same time, but perhaps another reason for the contradiction is to protect another paradoxical double-wish: the romance of left libertarianism, blending old New Left self-realization with in-pocket supercomputing, and trying to find its footing on ground now given way into the sinkhole of state Keynesianism and its various variations. The latter used to underwrite the former ’ s sense of autonomy, but now the former has helped to decapitate the latter. It should be clear that the interests of the strong geodesign articulated by this book in the interests of a better Stack-to-come are not to be found inside the cultural politics of this First World psychodrama. A late-industrial-era aesthetics of hand tools, grooming, and food (particularly of the white working class) may represent a new pastoral for some urban youth cultures, but a generational fetishization of analog machines does not make for a good theory of technology. And yet it sometimes seems as if that, plus a 4Chan-ofeverything, is where things stand. The end result of this dreary convergence of the artisanal optout with misanthropic populism is that many of the worst Cloud feudal outcomes are far more likely to emerge than they would be if that collective intelligence were guided by another more future-forward cultural politics. Just as for the Right denialists, the Left counterparts sometimes work as if their strongest loyalties are to the protection of their own worst fears.

456

Notes

1. The design program suggested doesn ’ t only pay attention to what is right in front of its nose, but works with strategic appreciation for incorporation and recursion between scales, which range from the geo-graphic staging of planetarity to the molecular granularity of deep address, and in between. This too is a logic of Stacks. As for governance, what binds it to software is its dual situation “ before the law. ” It both precedes the law and is subject to the law. It is both how the state organizes the legal possibilities of connection through the ordination of worldly interfaces and how our legal entanglement with the interfaciality of planetary computation allows it in turn to take on the roles of governance. Perhaps it is true that the killer application of the Internet of Things was “ insurance. ” At first blush, this sounds both boring and scary, but I think there is a lot to this (though not in ways that O ’ Reilly is necessarily speaking to). Some critics jumped on this remark as proof that Californians are digital fascists after all. I think, however, that after bitcoin and digital money, another area to redesign may in fact be the pooled and priced risk as a future model of governmentality, as understood in the disciplinary Foucauldian sense and meant thereby as a good thing. After Mauss (and Graeber), we believe that money represents “ gift ” and “ debt ” but it also represents risk, and this may be equally important. I floated the notion above that Google-scale platforms might be able to solve both the “ socialist pricing problem ” as well the “ capitalist pricing problem, ” namely, transaction externalities (e.g., carbon footprint, infrastructure theft, energy theft, pollution), by including these real costs in to the real price. That price might not only be price of an individual transaction but the price of the insurance and reinsurance that allows the enterprise to function in the first place. That is, insurance as killer app of Internet of Things gets interesting if those “ things ” are not just smart refrigerators but every little bit of every supply chain that must account for itself as a carbon-intensive Earth object.

Notes

457

1. Another software trend championed by O ’ Reilly is Open Stack, a set of tools that allows for, as it sounds, an open source Stack architecture (in a delimited sense). It also claims to work without the governance of a Benevolent Dictator for Life (BDFL). Many Users may be surprised to learn that many of the open source software tools they use every day, perhaps without knowing it, such as Linux, Python, Perl, Drupal, and PHP, are not communitarian anarchies but rather — at least in the last instance — formal monarchies. I raise the point not so as to recommend that platform states function as Cloud-based monarchies, but to underscore that the reality of order-giving force and decision making is not a design problem that can avoided by leaving it to the everwidening dining tables of horizontal relational “ consensus. ”

1. Bernard Tschumi, Architecture and Disjunction (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994).

1. Jean-Luc Godard, Ici et ailleurs (Paris: Gaumont, 1976).

1. It will prove confusing to the left and the right that there is no necessary correspondence between planning an egalitarian economic system and a sustaining governance of the Anthropocenic ecology. We could have one without the other. With legacy state communism, we can have strong planning toward egalitarian economics that is also based on ecological devastation (such as Chavismo), and so it is possible that postcapitalist, postscarcity platform economics providing a “ universal service level ” may feature the stark absence of communitarian deliberation and consensus in any sense of vox populi mimesis. Comparing emergent systems to legacy systems (e.g., autocracy, anarchy, liberalism) may simply clarify less than it obscures. One would hope, and one would design on behalf of that hope, for a Stack that unleashes better models.

1. Quentin Meillassoux, “ Subtraction and Contraction: Deleuze, Immanence and Matter and Memory, ” in Collapse, vol. 3: Philosophical Research and Development, ed. Robin Mackay (Falmouth, UK: Urbanomic, 2007), 63 – 107.

1. Or perhaps soft and hard are not the operative distinction when, for example, soft animal bodies and hard mechanical bodies are understood as together more natural than the nonhuman machines absorbing and expressing computation. (Perhaps it will shake out in some way that this constructed mismatch between physical topology and conceptual topology reflects also how information technology is associated with virtuality and apparition and mechanical technology with materiality and physicality.) It would appear that the actuality of computation is not only difficult to imagine but sometimes offensive to afterimages of naturalistic humanism.

1. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark\_Side\_of\_the\_Rainbow and https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=0gXvVUg-VAE.

1. During a visit to the University of California, San Diego, Ed Keller bought a book from the campus bookstore that catalogued various forms of exotic psychopathology. As I recall, we spent much of the afternoon issuing diagnoses to various societal trends. Among these was “ apophenia, ” the phenomenon whereby someone perceives a direct correlation between two sensory inputs where none actually exists, such as between an image and sound that are not really in synchronization but which we perceive as such (such as the old iTunes visualizer that presented swirling lines supposedly pulsing with the music, but was really just swirling). Dark Side of the

458

Notes

Rainbow is another classic example (Google it). We also discussed “ On the Origin of the ‘ Influencing Machine ’ in Schizophrenia ” by Viktor Tausk from 1933, and Karl Popper ’ s writing on conspiracy theory and narcissistic attribution errors. Popper wrote that members of informationally and socially isolated groups (which means today any Internet subculture) tend toward a kind of paranoid cognition. They become suspicious and distrustful of society and susceptible to “ sinister attribution errors. ” As Cass Sunstein puts it, “ This error occurs when people feel that they are under pervasive scrutiny, and hence they attribute personalistic motives to outsiders and overestimate the amount of attention they receive. Benign actions that happen to disadvantage the group are taken as purposeful plots, intended to harm. They overestimate the amount of attention they receive [emphasis mine] . Benign actions that happen to disadvantage the group are taken as purposeful plots, intended to harm. ” See Cass R. Sunstein and Adrain Vermeule, “ Conspiracy Theories, ” Coase-Sandor Working Papers in Law and Economics, University of Chicago Law School, 2008. Keller and I discussed how, in some Software Studies circles, people compare Google AdWords to the Stasi with a straight face. We discussed how conspiracy theory politics mirrors the absent User, except that here it is the absent agency. In a way, it is a kind of secular creationism, or at least intelligent design. It holds that systems can ’ t evolve according to their own selec tive processes; rather, some agent must have caused this to take place. Google or the NSA, or Bush or Obama, or the Jews or Goldman Sachs, some absent and abstract Oedipal first mover, must be the source of this confusion and misery. We discussed the strong gravity field between the overestimation of WikiLeaks ’ significance and Truther websites, which suggests that apophenia has, for the geopolitics of technology, risen to the level of a political ethics, and that the “ Influencing Machine ” is no longer the purview of psychiatrists but now also sociologists.

1. “ But Palantir ’ s central privacy and security protection would be what Karp calls, with his academic ’ s love of jargon, ‘ the immutable log. ’ Everything a user does in Palantir creates a trail that can be audited. No Russian spy, jealous husband or Edward Snowden can use the tool ’ s abilities without leaving an indelible record of his or her actions. Why had the thought of these data mining projects analyzing their own use not occurred to me until just now? ” Andy Greenberg, “ How a ‘ Deviant ’ Philosopher Built Palantir, a CIA-Funded Data-Mining Juggernaut, ” Forbes, August 14, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/08/14/agent-of-intelligencehow-a-deviant-philosopher-built-palantir-a-cia-funded-data-mining-juggernaut/2/.

1. Jacob Appelbaum, Laura Poitras, and Trevor Paglen, “ Art as Evidence ” (panel at Transmediale, Haus Der Kulturen Der Welt, Berlin, 2014), http://www.transmediale.de/content/ presentation-by-jacob-applebaum-at-transmediale-2014-keynote-art-as-evidence.

1. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJ6BuHL0EiQ. Thanks to Serene Han, programmer at Google Ideas, for helping me understand the uProxy technology.

1. See https://webwewant.org/, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/28/tim -berners-lee-internet-bill-of-rights-greater-privacy, and Agence France-Presse, “ Tim Berners-Lee Calls for Internet Bill of Rights to Ensure Greater Privacy, ” 2014.

1. See http://www.offnow.org/11361, a petition to cut off the water supply to the NSA ’ s Utah data center.

Notes

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1. Eliezer Yudkowsky, “ Artificial Intelligence as a Positive and Negative Factor in Global Risk, ”

2008, https://intelligence.org/files/AIPosNegFactor.pdf.

1. See https://www.youtube.com/yt/press/statistics.html.

Glossary

1. This definition comes from the interview, “ Machine Vision: In Discussion with Benjamin Bratton. ” See http://dismagazine.com/issues/73272/benjamin-bratton-machine-vision/

460

Notes

absolute incommunication, 212 – 214

abstraction of physicalization, 29, 33

in Stacks-to-come, 299, 339 – 340

accidental megastructure of The Stack, 5, 8 – 17, 54, 61, 64, 72, 303, 367

subjectivization effect, 206

surveilling, 215 – 216

accident produces a new technology, 13, 17, 356

topology produced by, 206

addressing regimes, 193 – 195, 198 – 199, 326

accountability, User, 345, 347 – 348 addressing systems, 70, 135 – 136, 195 – 197, 205 – 206, 296

actor-network theory, 266

Address layer. See also deep address

addressability

crisis of, 26, 199, 335

absolute incommunication, 212 – 214

addressability, 205 – 207

defined, 210

to come, 216 – 217, 326 – 337

financialization of, 212 – 213

communication, 210 – 212

geopolitics of, 208

composition, 210 – 212

matter-information link, 211

defined, 367, 417n38

of the object, 204, 296

design brief, 192, 207, 209, 215

potential, expanding space of, 208 – 210

development of, 196

textuality as, 199 – 200

distortion of, 214 – 217

address-addressee correlation, 211

governance, 196

addresses

individuated addresses in, 191 – 192

exchange provided by, 206

integral accident of, 204

geopolitics of assigning, 193 – 194

introduction, 70 – 71, 191 – 192

global credential of, 296

objects in The Stack, 200 – 204

identity and, 193 – 196, 206

individuated in the Address layer, 191 – 192

productive accidents of, 197

scale, scope, structure, 193 – 197

thing-to-thing communication, 197

layers overlapping, 196

as networks for communication, 132, 153 – 154, 192 – 195

totality and universality, ambition of, 216 – 217

Address layer interactions

organizing, 198

City layer, 153, 211

recursion provided by, 206 – 207

Cloud layer, 152, 211

retroactive traceability, 206

Earth layer, 211

space of relationality between, 205 – 206

Interface layer, 211 – 212

Index

Adorno, Theodor W., 254, 321 – 322, 427n47
advertising infrastructure, Google, 137
aerial space, 25, 27, 30
aerotropoli, 281
aesthetics of logistics, 178, 230 – 235, 243
Agamben, Giorgio, 20, 164 – 165, 173 – 174, 176, 271 – 273, 275 – 276, 279, 341, 368 – 369
agency. See also political agency amplifying, 274 collective versus individual, 175 decentering, 344 of the excluded, 173 – 175 human, 255 of inanimate objects, 131 of machines, 348 political, 250, 258 of the User, 164 – 165, 238, 252, 258, 260, 338, 347 – 348 utopian, 249
Agenda 21, 89, 306
agonistic geopolitics, 115
agricultural industry, 307 – 308
agricultural settlement, 22, 86
Ain, Gregory, 320
airports borders within, 155 – 156, 324 economy of, 281 envelopes of, 156 – 157 interfacial network of, 155 – 156
airport urbanism, 155 – 157, 162, 405n14
Alberti, Leon Battista, 154
alegal, 174, 176, 367
Aleppo, Syria, 321
Alexander, Christopher, 201
Algerian independence, 244 – 245
algorithmic automation, 134, 332, 341 – 342
algorithmic capitalism, 72, 80 – 81
algorithmic decision-making, 134, 332, 341 – 342
algorithmic geopolitics, 449n56
algorithmic governance, 134, 332 – 334, 337 – 338, 341 – 342, 348, 368
algorithmic hardware, 348 – 349
algorithmic intelligence, 81
algorithmic trading, 33, 335
Allende, Salvador, 58, 328
Allianz Arena, 187
Al Nasr, 321
Alphaville (Godard), 158
Althusser, Louis, 7 – 8
Amazon Cloud platform, 185 – 186, 330 Cloud Polis, 131 – 133, 331 corporate campus, 185 fulfillment centers, 111, 186, 443n19 future possibilities for, 141 – 142, 186 as geopolitical model, 125 mission, 186 platform wars, 110 profitability, 331, 449n52 workforce, 186, 307, 443n19
Amazon space, 443n19
Amazon Standard Identifier, 131
Amazon Web Services, 110, 123, 133
ambient emergency, 70 – 72
ambient interface, 296, 337 – 343, 368
anamnesis, 239 – 240, 297
Anders, William, 86
Anderson, Chris, 293
animal-human distinction, 275
animal-human interface, 276
animal User, 274 – 277
anonymity, 347, 360, 362, 405n16, 445n37
Anonymous, 110
Anthropocene architecture ’ s response to, 182 challenge of, 78, 304, 353 – 354 life forms surviving, 107 planetary-scale computation surviving, 217, 302 post-Anthropocene, 364 – 365
anthropocentrism, 278
anthropometric design, 197
anthropometric space, 30
anthropomorphism, 277, 279
anti-cosmopolitanism, 248, 306
Anti-Fascist Protection Wall, 23
Antonov 225 airplane, 182
ants communications, 340 war machine, 352 zombie, 154
Aozaki, Nobutaka, 214 – 215
Apollo 8, 86 – 87, 144, 150, 251 – 252, 300. See also “ Earthrise ” photograph
Apollo-era architecture, 179, 188, 201
Apollo-era utopia, 179, 304
Apollo program, 331 – 332, 354
apophenia, 359 – 360, 459n19
apparatuses Agamben on, 164 – 165, 173 – 174, 271 – 272, 276 architectural, 164 – 166 City layer, 163 – 168 in human lives, 272 of surveillance, 215
Apple architectural-urban footprint, 186 – 189 Campus 2, 186 – 187, 189, 320 Cloud Polis, 128, 187 – 188 future possibilities for, 141 – 142 as geopolitical model, 125 iPhone, 168 platform wars, 110 sales, 402n56 Siri for iOS, 277, 286 Super Bowl ad, 128, 402n57
Applebaum, Jacob, 293
Apple Pay, 127
Apple Stores, 129, 187 – 188
Apple User, 129
Apple Watch, 129
application programming interfaces (APIs), 50, 116 – 117, 139, 171, 202, 299
App platform, 168, 237, 238 – 239
Apps anthropocentric, 168, 239 Apple ’ s ecology of, 129 – 130 artificial personalities, 277 – 278 artificial reality, 240 – 242 augmented reality, 171 Cloud-based contacts, 196 data-gathering, 236 defined, 236, 368 devout, 240 future of, 117 hands transformed by, 150, 238, 297 interfaciality, 225, 297 monetizing, 116 moral frame of, 243 nonhuman, 239 subcontracting opinions to, 240 tangibility, 168 – 169 Transborder Immigrant Tool (TBIT), 174 – 176 urban interface, 168 – 169, 237 User-habitat/habitat- User mediation, 236 – 239 virtual death of, 277
App Store, 129 – 130
Arab Spring, 9, 361
Aramis project, 281 – 282
archaeology, utopian, 328 – 329
archaic, the, 9
Archigram, 179 – 180, 201
architectural envelope, 23, 165 – 170, 195, 296, 303, 311 – 313, 323
architectural imaginary, 181 – 183, 324
architectural program, 43, 165 – 166, 169 – 170
architectural space, 43, 164 – 165, 343
architectural-urban footprint, 183 – 189, 320. See also megastructures
architecture. See also design; megastructures Anthropocenic, 182 apparatuses, 164 – 166 of biology, 196, 288 city without, 151 communication through, 148, 161 defined, 201, 391n30 dynamic expressionistic forms of, 322 – 323 geopolitical, 3, 27, 38, 65, 98, 300 – 302, 309 – 310 illumination in, 408n34 innovation in, 184, 322

462

Index

Index

463

architecture (cont.)

transparency of, 360

Interface design, 166 – 167

of the User, 347

interiority/exteriority, 23, 185, 220, 303, 323 – 324, 391n30

autobiographical geopolitics of the User, 257 – 258

mega-utopian, 179

new forms of, 2 – 13 automation of repentance, 243 workforce, 254, 285, 307 – 308, 344 perspectival scale, expanding, 181

politics of, 166 – 167

automatism, 426n46

post-Oklahoma City bombing guidelines, 322

automobiles. See cars

power symbolized by, 325

Stack models, 52 – 54, 357

of and for things, 188 – 189

autonomy computational edges and nodes, 37, 46, 214 device, 279, 342 – 343 of layers, 69 platforms, 136, 282, 339 User, 309, 346
Avogadro ’ s number, 192, 208, 292, 337

Architecture Machine Group, 201

Archizoom, 86, 150 – 151. See also No-Stop City

Babbage, Charles, 42, 79, 194, 383n7

Arcology (Soleri), 178 – 179

Bachmann, Charlie, 62 – 63

Arendt, Hannah, 379n12

Aristophanes, 109

Balcony, The (Genet), 288

artificial currencies, 127

artificial intelligence (AI), 78, 225 – 226, 262, 268, 277 – 279

Balkin, Amy, 98

Ballard, J. G., 311, 320

B.A.N.G. Lab, 176

artificial personalities, 277 – 278

Banham, Reyner, 201, 280

banking, 123, 237, 336

artificial reality. See augmented reality

Barlow, John Perry, 441n7

Assange, Julian, 135, 285, 288

Barney, Matthew, 183

assemblage line, 231, 234 – 235, 249, 368

Bataille, Georges, 391n30

Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 253

Battle of Algiers (Pontecorvo), 244

atmospheric carbon, stabilizing, 259, 303

Baudrillard, Jean, 427n47

atmospheric megastructures, 195

Beck, Glenn, 110

atomized human, 251 – 252, 287 – 288

Beer, Stafford, 1, 58 – 61, 328

atoms, 77

“ Before the Law ” (Kafka), 345

Atta, Mohamed, 321

Beijing Airport, 181, 188

audience-centric Cloud services, 129

Bell, Gordon, 261 – 264

augmented reality (AR), 236, 245 – 246, 382n40, 429n61, 438n60

Benjamin, Solly, 439n66

Apps, 240 – 243

Benjamin, Walter, 20, 225 – 226, 317, 320, 351, 391n30

games, 242, 245, 429n59

Bergson, Henri, 191

authority. See also jurisdiction; sovereignty

Berlin, US embassy in, 322

decentering of, 344

platforms as modes of, 57

Berlin Wall, 23

beyond the line, 30

state, 6, 295, 318

Bible, The (App), 242 – 243

464

Index

big data society, 89, 243, 270 – 271, 334
Big Society initiative (Cameron), 399n37
Bilbao effect, 180, 321, 410n50
bill of rights, 203, 362
biofundamentalists, 308
biogeopolitics, 269
bioinformational systems, 389n13
biological informationalism, 274
biological refashioning, 269
biology, architecture of, 196, 288
biomedical service providers, 285
biopolitical economy of space, 22, 141
biopolitical security, 288
biopolitics Foucauldian, 10, 251 polities of energy and, 92 of population medicine, 6 of privacy, 159, 360 of the statistical imaginary, 257
Biosphere 2, 315, 352, 456n6
Birth of Biopolitics, The (Foucault), 251
bitcoin, 9, 127, 171, 209, 336 – 337, 393n54
“ Black Box, The ” (Lem), 341
Black Stack defined, 368 design and, 359 – 365 The Stack and its others, 355 – 359 summary overview, 363 – 365
Blade Runner, 319
Bloch, Ernst, 321
Blomkamp, Neil, 311, 444n27
Blue Marble Earth, 144
blue marble photograph. See “ Earthrise ” photograph
Bodin, Jean, 20
Bogdanov, Alexander, 328
bombs, Cold War, 325
Booz-Allen Hamilton, 121
borders. See also camp/enclave; walled gardens within airports, 155 – 156, 324 within cities, 311 – 312 conflicts, 9, 120, 144 economy of, 323 of enclosure and escape, 22, 32 – 33, 149 – 150, 172 – 176, 303 enforcing, 310 as envelope-interface, 172 – 173 formal and informal, 97 geopolitical geography of, 6 – 7, 97, 120, 144, 172 – 173, 308 – 310, 323 – 324, 409n42 globalization destabilizing and enforcing, 23 interfaces as, 220 Internet, 318 reversibility of, 23, 32 – 33, 148 – 149 of self, 262 software, 315 of technology, 29 virtual, 309
Borges, Jorge Luis, 209, 211, 363 Chinese Encyclopedia problem, 451n61
bots, 278, 344
boundaries of self, 262
Bourdieu, Pierre, 424n41
“ Brain Is the Screen, The ” (Deleuze), 219
brand, power of, 128, 130
Branzi, Andrea, 150 – 151
Brassier, Ray, 390n19
breach theory, 113
Brin, David, 454n75
Brin, Sergey, 139
Broad Museum, 320
bunker. See camp/enclave
bureaucracy, 7, 342
Burning Man, 315
Burroughs, William S., 157
Bush, George W., 322
California Ideology, 57, 385n20
Calit2 (California Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology), 267
CalTrans building, 320, 322 – 323
Calvino, Italo, 147
Cameron, David, 399n37
camp/enclave. See also borders defined, 368 – 369 exceptionality of, 23, 32 – 33
camp/enclave (cont.) free of information technology, 313, 315 gated communities as, 311 – 312 interiority/exteriority of, 173 – 175, 311 – 312 nomos of the Modern, 20, 369 refugee, 174 – 175, 308, 312 reversibility of, 23, 32 – 33, 312, 324 walled gardens compared, 187
Campus 2 (Apple), 186 – 187, 189, 320
Čapek, Karel, 279
capital, computational, 80 – 81
capitalism accomplishments of, 332 algorithmic, 72, 80 – 81 Anthropocenic, 213 cognitive, 110, 116, 203, 241, 258, 295 digital, 80 future of, 321 industrial/postindustrial, 80, 128, 254 of people versus things, 212
capitalist pricing problem, 333, 337, 369
carbon economy, 98
carbon footprint China, 259 of data computing, 92 – 96 electricity generation, 95 India, 95 stabilizing, 259, 303 US, 259
carbon governance, 88 – 90
carbon police, 306
Carpenter, John, 427n51
cars car+phone hybrid, 280 communication in, 280 driverless, 238, 279 – 283, 342, 344, 437nn57 – 58 ( see also Google Car) hacking, 283 – 284 human-driven, 283, 344 – 345 redefining, 238 – 239 vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks, 281 – 282, 438n60
cartography function of the state, 119
cassiterite, 82
Castells, Manuel, 416n28
catallaxy, 329 – 331, 375
Celebration, Florida (Disney), 311
cellular phones. See mobile devices
Center for Bits and Atoms (MIT), 226
Central Bureau of the Map of the World, 413n5
centralized cybernetic economic planning systems, 58 – 61, 328 – 329
Central Nervous System of the Earth (CeNSE) (HP), 192
Cerf, Vint, 42, 62 – 63
chains of interfaciality, 231, 233 – 234, 338 – 339
change, commitment to, 303 – 304
charter city movement, 310 – 311
Chicago Boys, 385n25
Chile, 58, 328
China boundary enforcement, 310 carbon emissions, 259 conflict with Google, 9, 112 – 115, 143 – 144, 245, 361 factory cities in, 179, 189 internal illegal aliens, 310, 409n39 Internet in, 113 jurisdictional anomalies, 310 mobile operating systems popular in, 398n21 rain, control of, 398n21 social media in, 126 software espionage, 398n21 state services apparatus, 316 Universal Postal Union, 194 weather data, claim over, 97
Christianity, 239
Chrysler Building, 183
Church-Turing thesis, 78
Cisco Systems, 88, 179
cities. See also entries beginning with urban agricultural, 307 – 308 ambient interface, 296 borders within, 311 – 312

Index

465