The Stack On Software and Sovereignty

466

Index

building codes and zoning, 162

apparatuses, 163 – 168

charter city movement, 310 – 311

appetites of, 154

citizens, 153, 159, 175

basic building unit, 148

of control, 157 – 160

boundary reversibility, 148 – 149

function of, 168

City versus City warfare, 154

future of, 308 – 312, 315 – 316, 414n10

to come, 314, 320 – 327

futuristic, 162 – 163

composition, 152, 179

green, 181 – 182

Internet compared, 445n37 computational hyperobjects embedded, 227 – 228

jurisdiction in, 153, 296

control structures, 174

mobile device interface, 168 – 169, 237

defined, 369

noncitizens, 159, 175, 310, 409n39

design, 167 – 172

population, 303 – 304

economics, 159 – 160

poverty in, 443n13

envelopes, 12, 70, 148 – 149, 152, 154 – 155,

redrawing by the Cloud through the App, 238

exposure and control, 155 – 160

right to passage through, 174

self-governing, 310 – 311 force finding function finding form, 160 – 163

standardization in, 46

function of, 149

violence defining, 311, 322 – 323, 325

generative accidents, 175

without architecture, 151

geodesign, 321

citizens. See also humans; individuals

geopolitics, 444n26

of cities, 153, 159, 175

grids, 149 – 153

identity of, 314

ideal cities distinction, 150

citizenship

infrastructures, 151 – 153

Cloud-based, 136, 316, 318

interfacial problematics of, 167, 256

of the displaced, 100 – 101, 159, 310, 409n39

introduction, 70, 147 – 151

jurisdiction, 357

dual, of state and platforms, 115, 319

megastructural form, 176 – 183

global, basis of, 257

sovereign accidents, 172 – 176

Google Grossraum, 318

Stack integration, 154 – 155, 170

legitimate, 9, 122, 250

territories of, 154

mobile, 153, 326

Users, 148 – 149, 154, 163 – 164

of the modern state, 114

violence below, 155

political, 188

City layer interactions

sovereign, 122

Address layer, 153, 211

citizen Users, 115, 159, 299

Cloud layer, 110, 153

City and the City, The (Mi é ville), 112

Earth layer, 153

city-as-airport, 155 – 157, 162, 405n14

Interface layer, 124

city-as-layer, 151 – 155

city-states, 4, 144, 163

city-as-world, 151

City-states, 299, 352

City layer

climate, state and, 395n73, 398n21

address geographies, 193 – 195 climate and weather systems, 88 climate change crisis of ongoingness, 295, 306 denial, 457n10 finding solutions for, 88 – 90, 259, 443n13 refugees of, 100 – 101 sovereign duty to suppress, 98

Index

467

City layer, 110, 153

Earth layer, 94, 110, 140 – 141

User layer, 124, 154, 168, 187

Cloud Polis

Amazon model, 131 – 133, 331, 369

clinamen, 77, 358 – 359

Apple model, 128 – 131, 187 – 188

availability of, 312

Clinton, Hillary, 3, 13, 319, 351

Cloud layer

China-Google conflict, 9, 112 – 115, 143 – 144, 245, 361

access to, limiting, 314

China model, 143

beginnings, 110

to come, 122 – 123, 298, 313, 316 – 319

Cloud-based state, 109, 119 – 121, 295, 316, 327, 399n36, 441n8

defined, 369 – 370

design of, 109, 124, 141 – 145

Cloud-based User-response-driven systems, 255

exclusionary, 309, 311 – 312, 317

Facebook model, 125 – 128, 187 – 188

Cloud corporations, 183

to come, 295 – 296, 299, 307 – 319

Google model, 134 – 141, 143, 184 – 185, 187 – 188, 332, 369

decentralization, 156 – 157

interfacial regime, 339 – 340

defined, 67, 369

introduction, 109 – 110

design, 141 – 145

megastructure headquarters, 155

economics, 116, 136 – 138

model of planetary urbanity, 258

feudalism, 111, 143, 295, 307 – 309, 317 – 318, 328, 369

political economic architecture, 124

popular discourse on, 312 – 313

geography, 123

present-day, 119 – 122, 318

geopolitics, 26, 110 – 112, 114, 118 – 119, 124, 141 – 145, 454n75

revenue stream, 295

reversibility of, 319

governance of, 68, 140, 143

of things, 131

as grid, 140

Walmart model, 331

growth, limits to, 94, 117 – 118

Clouds (Aristophanes), 109

importance of, 125

Clow, Lee, 128

infrastructure, 67, 115 – 119, 124

cocaine, 173

interfacial problematics, 256

cockroaches, 275, 285

introduction, 70, 109 – 111

cognition, militarization of, 297

jurisdiction, 113 – 114, 140

cognition-interfaciality synthesis, 297

landfill, 94

metadata, 116

cognitive capitalism, 110, 116, 203, 241, 258, 295

as physical, 29

Cohen, Jared, 134 – 136, 361

productive accidents of, 112, 114, 145

coin mining, 393n54

services, 116 – 118

Cold War, 325

terraforming project of, 111, 115 – 116

coltan (tantalum), 82 – 83

tethers, 82, 148 ( see also mobile devices)

columns

Cloud layer interactions Address layer, 152, 211 accessing, 68, 298, 314

defined, 67, 370

468

Index

function of, 66 – 67

computation, 55, 75 – 80, 388n5

intention linked through interface, 286

Computer City, 179

Interfaces, activating, 67 – 68, 220

layers within, totalities between, 68 – 69 “ computer everywhere ” infrastructure, 13 – 14, 59 – 60, 301 – 302, 356

policing, 287

computer science, 327

Stack-to-come, 301

conflict minerals, 82 – 83

User initiation, 67

conspiracy theory politics, 128, 459n19

User interests, interpolating, 253, 313 – 314

Constant (Constant Nieuwenhuys), 178

User-to- User connections, 67, 286, 301, 370

Comcast, 119

consumer electronics, 82 – 83, 179. See also mobile devices

“ Coming Civil War over General-Purpose Computing, The ” (Doctorow), 285

Continuous Monument (Superstudio), 178

control, defined, 157, 222

command and communication technologies, 242

control city, Deleuze, 157 – 158

Conway, Melvin, 56

Commissioners ’ Grid Plan, 42

Conway ’ s law, 56 – 57

communication

absolute, logic of, 214

Copernican rotations of human autophenomenology, 287

addresses as networks for, 132, 153 – 154, 192 – 195

“ Cosmism ” (Federov), 328

cosmograms, 91, 235, 243, 246

Address layer, 210 – 212

cosmopolitanism

architecture for, 148, 161

accidental, 70

in cars, 280

to come, 17

defined, 210

cosmopolitan logic, 318, 322

geographies of, 210

cosmopolitics, 247, 306

human, structuring, 128

informational, 135, 315

human-to-human, 198, 340

Kantian, 6, 153, 354

human-to-nonhuman, 136 – 137, 171 – 172, 198, 340

material, 257

postsecular, 318

images for, 127

proto-, 256 – 257

mediascape in, 148

User, 175, 286

object-to-object, 197 – 198, 210, 212, 216, 338

physical/virtual, 196

Costa Rica-Nicaragua border conflict, 9, 120, 144

real-time, 168

restrictions on, 194, 196 counterespionage, crowd-sourcing, 110, 398n21

standards, 54

counterterrorism discourse, 324, 355

traceability between lines of, 205

Cremaster 3 (Barney), 183

universal, addressing tables enabling, 192

crime embodied, 156, 175 – 176

communication networks, 55, 132

crisis of addressability, 26, 199, 335

communities of Users, 288 – 289

“ Critique of Violence, A ” (Benjamin), 20

comparative planetology, 300 – 302, 333, 353, 360

Crying of Lot 49, The (Pynchon), 194

crypto City-states, 352

composite User, 281, 362

cryptographic tools, 405n16

computability, 55

Cryptonomicon (Stephenson), 400n42

Index

469

Crystal Island, Moscow (Foster), 182, 188
culpability, User, 346
cultural-economic order, 56
currency. See also money bitcoin, 9, 127, 171, 209, 336 – 337, 393n54 digital platform, 336 – 337 double spend problem, 418n45 Facebook, 127 future of, 127, 336
currency-matter link, computerization of, 199
“ Cybernetic Praxis in Government ” (Beer), 1
cybernetics autopoietic, 59 consumer, 274 corporate, 128 economic planning systems, 58 – 61, 328 – 329 of interface design, 157 meaning of, 275 – 276 rise of, 327 of scenario planning, 359 second-order, 334 Soviet, 58 – 61, 138, 328 – 329, 332 theory concurrent with, 54
cyberwarfare, 27
Daalder, Rene, 320
Dal Co, Francesco, 304
Dar al-Islam, 9, 322
dark matter, 91
Darknet, 215
dark pools, 451n63
Dark Side of the Rainbow effect, 359
data jurisdiction over, 113 – 114, 120, 122 – 123, 285 – 286 ownership of, 203, 285, 345 – 346 proliferation of, 117, 204 substantialization of, 168
data centers energy footprint, 92 – 94, 113, 140 – 141, 303 – 304 water-based, 113 – 114, 140
data collection Apps for, 236 mobile phones for, 342 sensor nets, 97, 180, 192, 295 smart dust for, 201 Users used for, 340
Data.Gov, 9
data hauls, 363 – 364
data haven, 400n42
data space versus state space, 123
data visualization, 267, 302, 334
Daultrey, Sally, 97
da Vinci robotic surgery system, 279
Davis, Mike, 304 – 305
de-addressing of things, 199
death of the User, 260, 271 – 274, 361, 370, 436n42
Debord, Guy, 414n10
debt, 303, 335 – 336
decision-making algorithms, 134, 332, 341 – 342
“ Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace ” (Barlow), 441n7
dedifferentiated space, 33
deep address, 64, 197 – 200, 206, 209, 210 – 216, 334 – 335, 338 – 339, 370. See also Address layer
deep address haecceity, 214 – 215, 273, 279
deforestation, 82 – 83
De Gaulle, Charles, 244
Deleuze, Gilles, 76 – 77, 81, 84, 104, 147, 157 – 158, 160, 219, 222, 378n13, 393n50
Democratic Republic of Congo, 82
demonetization, 51
denial-of-service attacks, 215, 451n70
Depardon, Raymond, 265
De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 388n7
Derrida, Jacques, 29
design. See also architecture defined, 354 emergency, 101 – 104, 321, 325 future of, 355 – 358 geopolitical, 247, 354 – 355

470

Index

interior/exterior, 171

with and for Stacks, 359 grids and networks, 37 – 38, 90 – 97, 149 – 153, 170, 180, 192, 229, 280, 294 – 296, 393n53

villains in, 359

human transformation of, 354

Designing for People (Dreyfuss), 254

loop topology of, 24

design ontology of traps, 288 – 289

design violence, 428n55 petawatts of radiant energy from sun, 106 – 107

Detroit, 307, 444n30

Deux ou trois choses que je sais d ’ elle (Godard), 147

planet-spanning architectural propositions, 178

remapping everything in, 191 – 192

Dick, Philip K., 320, 447n45

Didion, Joan, 280, 320 second planetary computer overlaying, 300 – 301

digital bill of rights, 362

as skin, 87 – 92

Diller Scofidio + Renfro, 265, 320

subdividing, 21 – 24, 193, 195, 309, 413n5

Dioxiadis, Constantin, 178

terraforming, 85 – 86, 181, 187, 404n11

Disney (Walt Disney Company), 128, 130, 311, 320

two, parable of, 444n27

dispositif (apparatus). See apparatuses writing on (geo-graphy), 85 – 86, 149, 193, 249

DNA, 268, 389n11

Earth layer

Doctorow, Cory, 198, 285, 346

address geographies, 193 – 195

domain name system, 196

to come, 294 – 295, 300 – 307

Domed City (Fuller), 188

computational transparency, 76 – 81, 101

Dominguez, Ricardo, 172 – 173

defined, 370 – 371

Dotcom, Kim, 399n34

design issues, 101 – 107

double spend problem, 418n45

Earth in, 76, 82 – 84

doubt, suicide as expression of, 426n46

Dreyfuss, Henry, 254

emergencies, designing for/designing with, 101 – 104

Dr. Manuel de la Pila housing block, Puerto Rico, 311 – 312

energy monitored and provisioned, 87 – 92

function of, 107, 300

drones, hacking, 401n45

geodesign, 83 – 84, 288, 304

drowning nations, 100

geopolitical architecture, 98, 300 – 302

D ü rer, Albrecht, 53, 181

governance, 98 – 104, 140

Durkheim, Emile, 266, 385n25

human-facing permeation, Apple ’ s, 187 – 188

Dutch East India Company, 399n32

interfacial problematics of, 256

“ Dymaxion File ” (Fuller), 267

introduction, 69 – 70, 75 – 76

Dyson, Freeman, 106 – 107

productive accidents of, 91, 93

Dyson sphere conjecture, 106 – 107

sensing and sovereignty, 97 – 101

world-making/world-erasure projects, 91 – 92

Eames, Charles and Ray, 52 Earth composability of, 84 – 86 in Earth layer, 76, 82 – 84 geoaesthetics, 83 – 87 geometrics, 90 – 91, 309

Earth layer interactions

Address layer, 211

City layer, 153

Cloud layer, 94, 110, 140 – 141

User layer, 154

Index

471

Earth-order, 24
“ Earthrise ” photograph (Anders), 86, 150, 300, 442n11
Easterling, Keller, 182
e-citizenship, 446n42
Eco, Umberto, 125, 243
eco-computing, 258 – 263, 268, 354
ecoglobalism, 89, 259, 303
ecojurisdictions, 97 – 100
ecological crisis, contributors to Anthropocenic energy platforms, 106 anthropogenic climatic events, 102 electronics manufacturing, 82 – 83 planetary-scale computation, 82 – 83, 92 – 96, 106 – 107, 113, 140 – 141, 258 – 260, 303 – 304
ecological noise, 106
ecology Anthropocenic, 102, 106, 217, 458n15 of energy, 98 – 104 mobile, of interfaces, 237 – 238 popular ecology movement, 86 restoration of, 304 – 305, 442n14
ecology of the gut, 268
e-commerce, 131
economic inequity, 311 – 312, 439n66, 458n15
economic planning systems, cybernetic, 58 – 61, 328 – 329
economics. See also platform economics Anthropocenic, 58, 103 of borders, 173 capitalist, 56 City layer, 159 – 160 Cloud model, 137 electronics, mining and trading in, 82 – 83 zero-sum, 336
economy of additive manufacturing, 202 of cognitive capital, 110, 116 computational, 328 computer-controlled, 58 – 60 of contemporary warfare, 248 digital, 196 of energy, 92, 106 – 107 Facebook, 127 Google, 136 – 138, 159, 444n26 of identity, 270 of information, 199 of mobility, 280 of prostheticization, 273 of reversible partitions, 21 of scarcity, 208 and sovereignty and territory, 114, 316
ecopolitics, 100
ecosystems, 129, 178, 185, 336, 456n6
Ecumenopolis (Dioxiadis), 178
Eisenman, Peter, 410n50
Elden, Stewart, 335, 379n12
electricity, 93, 95, 141
electronics, mining and trading in, 82 – 83
electronic waste, 83
Elysium (Blomkamp), 311, 323, 444n27
emergency accommodating, 103 – 104 designing for/designing with, 101 – 104, 321, 325 ecojurisdictions in response to, 99 – 100 ecological, 105 – 106, 295, 305 ecopolitics emerging by, 100 exceptional, 103 – 104, 173, 321 – 322 permanent, 104 progress in response to, 321 sovereign decision and, 20, 32, 102 – 103 state of, 32 – 33, 99
emergent, the, 9
empty space, 30, 380n20
enclosure and escape, 22, 32 – 33, 149 – 150, 172 – 176, 303
“ end of history, ” 321
“ End of Sykes-Picot, The ” 430n65
energy alternative sources, 259 ecologies of, 98 – 104 economy, 92 efficiencies, 140 – 141 energy-information network, 93, 95

472

Index

footprint, of planetary-scale computing, 82 – 83, 92 – 96, 106 – 107, 113, 140 – 141, 258 – 260, 303 – 304 grid, 92 – 96, 140, 152, 201, 294 – 295 needs, predicted, 113 political loyalty and availability, 141 polities, subdivided, 99 – 100 post-Anthropocene, 217 Eneropa, 99 Engelbart, Douglas, 343 Enlightenment, 251, 426n46 entertaining securitization, 156 entertainment identifier registry (EIDR), 207 entrance/exit, 149 – 150, 313, 315, 317, 371 envelope-interface borders, 172 – 173 envelopes airports, 156 – 157 architectural, 23, 165 – 167, 195, 303, 311 – 313, 323 cars as, 238 City layer, 12, 70, 148 – 149, 152, 154 – 155, 163 – 171, 173 as interface, 167 mixed, designing for, 168 – 172 paper, 46, 195 physical, 167 software, 167 urban, 168 – 172 urban platform, 180 User position in relation to, 252 environmental migrants/refugees, 100 – 101 Epicureanism, inverse, 358 equilibrium, cybernetic, 59, 158 error detection, 50 espionage, 398n21 Estates of The Oaks, 311 Estonia, 399n36, 446n42 Ethereum, 336 ethics, 258, 285, 362 European nomos of World Wars I and II, 25 – 26 European Space Agency, 181 European Union, 309

exception in Apple model, 130 automation of, 33 becomes the rule, 102 – 103, 111 emergency, 103 – 104, 173, 321 – 322 emergent order of, 110 – 111 inside and outside the law, 102 interface, 357 legitimate state of, 104 normalizing, 23, 32 – 33, 39, 103 – 104 reversibility of, 21, 32 – 33, 39, 145 sovereignty over, 20 – 21, 32, 105, 341 state of emergency as, 99, 105 territories of, 114
exclusion agency and, 173 – 175 augmented reality and, 236, 241 – 242 elective, 316 – 317 societal, 308 – 309, 311 – 312, 317
exclusive totalities, 245
exit. See entrance/exit
Exit (Diller Scofidio + Renfro), 265 – 266, 269
Exit, Voice and Loyalty (Hirschman), 313
exit-voice dichotomy, 286, 309, 313, 319
Exodus: Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture (OMA), 53
experiential design of the object, 129
extrapolative futurism, 80

Facebook

Apple compared, 130 closure from the open Internet, 401n51 Cloud Polis, 125 – 128, 133, 187 – 188 future possibilities for, 141 – 142 as geopolitical model, 125 platform wars, 110 Zee Town, 185 factory cities, 130 – 131, 179, 189 Fang Binxing, 113 Fanon, Franz, 244 – 245 Federov, Nikolai, 328 FedEx Corporation, 131, 133, 307 Felton, Nicholas, 262 – 263

Index

473

fences, barbed-wire, 29

defined, 427n47

feudalism, Cloud, 111, 143, 295, 307 – 309, 317 – 318, 328, 369

doctrinal cognitive, 239

globalization and, 143

fiber optics, 117

religious, 17, 241, 427n47

56 Leonard, New York, 311

Fun Palace (Price), 179

filtering, rituals of, 156

futurism, 303 – 304

financial crisis, 123, 199, 335

financial networks, 118 – 119

Galapagos syndrome, 60

Fincher, David, 126

game apps, 127

Five Points toward a New Architecture (Le Corbusier), 53

game scenarios, 428n55

gaming interface, 242

gated communities, 311 – 312

at borders, 172 – 173

Gates, Bill, 128

cybernetic, 334, 341

Gattaca, 319

global assemblages, 265 – 266

Gehry, Frank, 3, 185, 410n50

flow, cybernetic, 334, 341

Gelernter, David, 110

food biopolitical economy of space and, 22, 141 building block of political loyalty, 141 intelligent industrialization of, 307 – 308 meaning of, 307 – 308

genealogy of platforms, 42

Genet, Jean, 288

geoaesthetics, 83 – 87, 294, 304 – 305

geodesign

with the blur, 299, 351

food platform design, 308

City layer, 321, 325 – 326

force of law, 302, 310, 328, 334, 356

crisis of ongoingness, 304 – 305

Foster, Norman, 179, 181 – 182, 186 – 188

defined, 354 – 355, 371

Foucault, Michel, 7 – 8, 20 – 21, 45, 105, 164 – 165, 251, 254, 425n46

Earth layer, 83 – 84, 288, 304

for ecological restoration, 304 – 305

432 Park Avenue, New York, 311

elements restricting, 456n10

Foxconn, 130, 179 – 180, 189

framework, 325

framing lines, 84 – 85

future of, 182

France, in World War II, 244 – 245, 429n62

of privacy, 159

Franceschet, Massimo, 332

of secession, 312

freedom, 316 – 317

free soil, 26, 32 – 33, 35, 112

Stacks-to-come, 107, 294, 305 – 306, 310, 314, 319, 321, 324 – 326, 333, 353 – 354, 357

Fresno, CA, 307 – 308

Freud, Sigmund, 80, 435n32

User layer, 286

Friedman, Milton, 385n25

geoeconomics, 72, 87

Friedman, Yona, 179

geoengineering, 354

friend-enemy distinction, 35, 352, 397n19

geoglyphs, 85 – 86, 177 – 179

Fuller, Buckminster, 5, 113, 178, 188, 267

geogovernance, 15, 27

fundamentalisms anti-cosmopolitan, 248 avant-garde and atavistic, 297 bio-, 308

geographic lines of segmentation, 9, 21, 120, 144

geographic strategy, Google, 9, 120, 144

geo-graphy (earth-writing), 83 – 87, 149, 309

474

Index

geography. See also Earth artificial megastructures, 176 – 183 constitutional, 111 defined, 371 economic, 199 essential importance of, 149 exceptional or unregularized, 30 informational, 29 Internet, 361 of jurisdiction, 171 – 176, 283, 308 – 309, 323 of multiple geographies, 245 – 246 politico-theological, 242, 248, 320 – 322 of The Stack, sovereignty over, 33 superimposition of the addressing matrix 193 telescoping, 16, 101, 178, 197, 220, 229, 235, 266
geolocated augmented reality, 438n60
geolocative advertising, 255
geolocative Apps, 236, 243
geometrics, 90 – 91, 309
geometry of territory, 25
geophilosophy (Deleuze and Guattari), 372
geopolitical architecture designed, 38 of Earth layer, 98, 300 – 302 European, 27 new, need for, 3, 300 – 302 unipolar, future of, 309 – 310
geopolitical conflict Google-China, 9, 112 – 115, 143 – 144, 245, 361 historical, 6 Nicaragua-Costa Rica border, 9, 120, 144 present-day, 6
geopolitical domains, 118 – 119
geopolitical geography, 4 – 5, 19, 33, 65, 252 of borders, 6 – 7, 97, 172 – 173, 308 – 310, 323, 409n42 of conflict, 6, 9, 112 – 115, 120, 143 – 144, 245, 361 design model, 3 – 6 energy driving alignments in, 141

European nomos, 25 – 26 future-antecedent revision of, 14 – 17 geometry of, 13 – 17 loop topology of, 84 mapping, 4 – 5 of planetary-scale computation, 14 – 17, 143 TBIT controversy, 174 – 176 geopolitical theory, 328 geopolitics, 19, 39 – 40, 257 – 258, 326, 360 of addressability, 193, 207 – 208 of addresses, 193 – 194 algorithmic, 449n56 City layer, 155, 160, 444n26 of climate change, 140 – 141 Cloud layer, 110 – 112, 114, 454n75 within comparative planetology, 353 compositional, 85 computational, 360 defined, 371 – 372 design, 119, 141 – 145 elements of, 246 – 247 as epidermal, 355 framework, 159 geoscopy and, 85 Google model, 125, 134 – 136 of interfaciality, 228 modern, basis of, 24 post-Anthropocenic, 285 of postscarcity, 95 projection as territory/territory as projection, 85 spacelessness of contemporary, 30 space of, 6 geoscapes, 243 – 249, 372, 429n61 geoscopy, 85, 87, 89 – 90 geotheological innovation, 242 – 243 Germany, 309 Gershenfeld, Neil, 226 ghost sovereignties, 100 – 101 gift economy, 429n59 GigaOM, 186 Girard, Rene, 360 global assemblages, 265 – 266

Index

475