The Stack On Software and Sovereignty

money, 199, 213, 329, 335 – 337, 458n11.
See also currency
money-into-virtuality, 199
monkeys, 222
Monroe, James, 45
Monroe Doctrine, 26, 31 – 32
Monroe Doctrine of the Cloud, 34 – 35, 37
Montana East Line Telephone Association, 29
moon, owning, 456n7
Moore Ruble Yudell, 322
Moore ’ s law, 63, 80, 92, 232, 304
More, Thomas, 249, 321
Mori, Bruna, 103
Morphosis, 320, 322 – 323
Mosaic (browser), 267
Mouffe, Chantal, 379n10
Mountbatten Plan, 85
Mumbai attacks (2008), 17, 242, 247 – 248, 322, 428n58, 431n70
Musk, Elon, 281
mutual prostheticization, 280
MVRDV exposition pavilion, Hannover 2000, 53
MyLifeBits (Bell) (Microsoft), 261 – 262,
264
namecoin, 171
namelessness, 447n45
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 88, 300
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 267
National Security Agency (NSA), 35, 120, 283, 287, 363, 413n75
nation-state Cloud as, 93 interfaces into, 155 – 156 as jurisdiction, 5, 309 – 310 Koj è ve on, 109 modern, 24 non-state actors functioning as, 10 – 11 socialist, platform in, 59

twentieth-century achievements of, 309, 443n23 Westphalian system of, 14, 397n19 Native Land-Stop Eject (Virilio and Depardon, curators), 265 Negarastani, Rezi, 390n19 Negroponte, Nicholas, 201 nemein, 379n12 neo-Austrian libertarians, 285 neo-feudalism, 17, 186, 306 – 307 neoliberalism, 20 – 21, 56, 439n65 Nest (smart thermostat), 134 nested parasitism, 280, 288 – 289 Netscape, 267 Netwar, 431n70 network city, 172, 421n20 network is the computer (Sun Microsystems), 396n8 networks communication, 132, 153 – 154, 193 – 195 defined, 396n8 interior/exterior in, 29 megastructure, 189 of package delivery, 131 peer-to-peer, 205, 215 social reality of, 341 society, 231 space, making and taking, 29 as state, 11, 123 territory produced through, 29 value, 159 vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), 281 – 282, 438n60 visualization, 266 “ New Aesthetic, The, ” 225 New Babylon (Constant), 178 – 179 New Deal, 120 New Digital Age, The (Schmidt and Cohen), 134 – 136 New Songdo City, South Korea, 179 Niantic Labs (Google), 242 Nicaragua-Costa Rica border conflict, 9, 120, 144 Nicolelis, Michel, 222

486

Index

nihilism of empty space, overcoming, 380n20
1984 advertisement, 128 – 129, 402n57
Noguchi, Isamu, 103
nomos breaking down order of, 397n19 defined, 373 derivation, 379n12 drawing and framing sovereign interiors, 246 of friend-foe, 397n19 Modern, 380n13 nomic line, 84 Schmittian, 24 – 25, 85, 113, 379n12 of The Stack, 24, 229, 235 of state equality, 397n19
nomos of the Cloud defined, 373 – 374 dividing sovereignty, 19 – 22 drawing landscape-scale calculable interiors, 211 drivers of, 143 Google Grossraum, 34 – 40 introduction, 19 land, sea, and air, 28 – 31 over and under the line, 23 – 28 platform governance and, 341 topography, 111
Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of Jus Publicum Europaeum, The (Schmitt), 25
noncitizen residents in cities, 159, 175, 310, 409n39
noncitizen User, 175
nonhuman-human distinction, 164 – 165, 268, 275
nonhuman-to-human communication, 137, 171 – 172, 198
nonhuman User. See also User AI User, 277 – 279 algorithmic hardware, 348 – 349 animal User, 274 – 277 as co- User, 276 – 277, 349 designing for, 339 enrollment and motivation, 297 – 298 identifying, 345 machine User, 279 – 284 rights of, 345
nonpersonhood, 173 – 175
nonplace, end of, 16
non-state actors with nation-state functions, 10 – 11
nonvisual interfaces, 341, 424n41
Nortel patent bid, 134
North American Free Trade Agreement, 443n23
North Sea wind farms proposal (OMA), 181
No-Stop City project (Archizoom), 149 – 151, 160, 178 – 179
notational systems, 383n4
NSA/CSS Threat Operations Center, US, 441n8
Obama, Barack, 98, 180, 322
Obi-Wan Kenobi, 176
object identifiers, universal, 214 – 215
object-instruments, computational, 227
objects addressability, 214 – 215 agency of, 131 defined, 402n59 essentials of, 260 identifiers, digital, 207, 214 – 215 interface design, 230 – 235 memory of, 212, 215 non-citizen User, 188 object-to-object communication, 197, 210, 212, 216, 338 object-to-object spam, 216 reordering by, 206 semantic relations, 202 – 203 SPIME designation for, 201 – 204 as symbolic artifacts, 212
ocean exploration, 30
oceanic data centers, 113 – 114, 140
Oculus, 127
Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), 53, 99, 170, 178, 180 – 181
offshoring, 443n23
oil geopolity, 99

Index

487

Oklahoma City Bombing guidelines, 322

Parnet, Clare, 393n50

“ On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem” (Turing), 78

Parsons, Talcott, 385n25

partition in architecture, 391n30

Patriot Act, US, 120, 363

One57, New York, 311

peer-to-peer networking, 206, 215

One Riverside Park, New York, 311

Peirce, Charles Sanders, 211, 223

OOZ (Jeremijenko), 276

Perec, Georges, 75

Open, The (Agamben), 273

persona design, 254, 255

OpenFlow, 437n58

personality, 277 – 278

open government movement, 121

Open Stack, 174

personal mapping technologies, 86, 236, 243, 431n70

open systems interconnection (OSI) network model, 61 – 63

personal mobility systems. See cars: driverless

Operation Centurion, Dr. Manuel de la Pila housing block, 312

personal rapid transit (PRT) systems, 282

personhood, 173 – 175, 271, 439n65

opinionlessness, state of, 240 – 241, 426n47

persuasive interfaces, 224, 430n65

O ’ Reilly, Tim, 121

pervasive computing, 113, 172, 301 – 302

Oreskes, Naomi, 457n10

petroglyphs, 309

Organized Chaos, forces of, 445n37

phone-car interface, 280

Ouroboros energy grid, 92 – 96, 294 – 295

physicalization of abstraction, 29, 33

Outer Space Treaty, 456n7

physical-to-virtual binary opposition, 19

“ Outline of a Doctrine of French Policy ” (Koj è ve), 109

Pinochet, Augusto, 59, 385n25

piracy, 380n15

“ Overexposed City, The ” (Virilio), 155

pirate radio, 244 – 245

ownership

placebo interfaces, 224

competitive, 332

placefulness, 16, 29, 155

of data, 203, 285, 345 – 346

place-making, 84, 149 – 150, 310

economics of, 282

planetary computational economy, 92

owner- Users, 285 – 286, 345 – 346

planetary data infrastructure, 267

planetary photography, 150, 300, 354

Page, Larry, 134, 139, 281, 315

planetary-scale computation

Page Mill Road, 57

architecture, 5, 197

“ PageRank ” (Franceschet), 332

assignment claimed by, 122

PageRank algorithm, 134, 332

cartographic imperative of, 191

Pakistan-India border, 97, 309

Palace of the Soviets, 181 client-side versus server-side critique, 356 – 357

Palantir, 121, 287, 360, 459n20

climactic impact of, 92 – 93, 96

Palestine, 120

design and, 192, 356

Panopticon effect, 363

divides crossed, 27 – 28

paper envelope, 46

ecological governance convergence, 98

parametricism, 160 – 161, 162 – 163

economic geography, effect on, 199

parastates, 446n39

elements of, 5

Parker, Sean, 126

emergence of, 3, 13, 55

488

Index

City layer, designs for, 177

competition between, 50

component standardization, 47 – 48

control-decontrol paradox in, 46

decision-making, 44, 341 – 342

defined, 42, 328, 374, 383n4

diagrams ensnaring actors in, 44

economically sustainable, 48

etymology, 43

exchange value, 51

functions of, 19, 41, 119, 328, 342

future of, 117, 141 – 145, 244, 295, 315 – 316

genealogy of, 42

generic universality, 49

geography, 110 – 112

governing, 109, 119, 143

energy footprint, 82 – 83, 92 – 96, 106 – 107, 113, 140 – 141, 258 – 260, 303 – 304 forms taken, 4 – 5 future of, 351, 356 Google ’ s occupation of, 34 – 40 governance and, 27 jurisdictions, 357 limits to growth, 93 – 94 at microlevel of the object, 191 – 192 neoliberalism and, 21 physical world, relation to, 358 political geography and, 6, 11 real project of, 404n11 space of, 34 – 40, 303 technologies ’ alignment into, 4 – 5 urban design for, 160
Planetary Skin Institute, 88 – 90, 92, 97 – 98, 106, 180, 336, 392n42, 452n67
planetary supersurfaces, 188 – 189
planetary visualization, 452n69
Planet of the Apes, 182
planetology, comparative, 300 – 302, 333, 353 360
plan of action, 43, 342
platform architecture, ideal, 49 – 50
platform-as-state, 7 – 8, 42, 48 – 50, 120 – 123, 140, 295, 315 – 316, 319, 327, 335, 341
platform-based robotics, 138 – 139
platform cities, 183 – 189
platform design, 44, 48, 51
platform economics network value, 159 platform surplus value, 48, 137, 159, 309, 374 User platform value, 309, 375 – 376 User surplus, 48 value versus price, indexing of, 336
platforms accidents of, 51 authority, 57 autonomy, 136, 282, 339 centralization versus decentralization, 48 characteristics of, 47 – 51, 214

identity, 42

information mediated, 46

institutional forms, 44

introduction, 41 – 46

logic, 19, 44, 314

mechanics, 44 – 51

model-to-real correlation, 387n33

network effects, 48

neutrality, 44

origins, 46

overview of, 41 – 46

physicality and tactility of, 129 – 130

platform of platforms, 332 – 333

platform-within-a-platform principle, 284

plots in, 44

as remedy and poison, 5, 133

robotics, shift to, 362

service infrastructures, 116

as stacks, 7 – 8, 42 – 43

standardization, 44 – 46

theory, 41, 47

wars, 110, 123 – 125, 295

platform sovereignty activist stance on, 312 architectural surface interfaciality in, 166 – 167

Index

489

platform sovereignty (cont.) City layer infrastructures role in, 151 – 153 constitutional violence of, 155 deciding exceptions in, 21 decision-making, 32 – 33, 44 defined, 374 derivation of, 37 design, 87 – 88 emergence of, 33, 152 grid programmability providing, 38 guarantees, 151 of nonhuman User, 273 overview of, 51 paradoxes of, 37 principle of, 36 productive accidents of, 37 reversibility, 22, 152 – 153 states, 339 urban envelopes, 159, 258
platform surplus value, 38, 48, 137, 159, 309, 374
platform totalities, 297
plot, 43 – 44
Plug-In City (Archigram), 179
pluralism, 302 – 303
polis, segmentation of, 241
political, the, 6, 30, 379n10
political agency, 173 – 175, 250, 258
political-geographic order, 26, 56
political identity of the User, 260, 347
political machine, stack as, 55 – 58
political philosophy, 20
political rights of the User, 285
political subjectivity, 21, 136, 152, 258, 260, 268
political technology, territory as, 335
political theology, 105, 236, 243, 297, 426n46
politico-theological geographies, 242, 248, 320 – 322
politics agonistic logics of, 180, 247 architectural, 166 – 167 interfacial, 244 – 246

of Internet of Things, 204 norms of, 39 Schmittian, spatial dimension of, 381n24 of ubiquitous computing, 203 “ Politics of the Envelope, The ” (Zaera-Polo), 166 Pontecorvo, Gillo, 244 poor doors, 311 pop futurist media, 432n71 Popper, Karl, 459n19 popular ecology movement, 86 Portzamparc, Christian de, 311 postage stamps, 194 postal identity, 193 – 196, 206 postal system, 132, 153 – 154, 195 post-Anthropocenic geopolitics, 285 post-Anthropocenic User, 264 Postel, John, 319 post-Fordism, 231 posthumanism, 275 post-human User, 285, 287 – 288 “ Postscript on Societies of Control ” (Deleuze), 157 – 158 Pourparlers (Deleuze), 147 Pouzin, Louis, 41 poverty ending, 303, 443n23 interiority/exteriority of, 311 – 312 politics of, 312, 444n30 of working poor, 331 power architecture symbolizing, 325 cultural legitimacy of exercise of, 424n41 of extralegal violence, 317 monopolizing, 308 – 309 shifts in, 233, 312 – 313 power-knowledge asymmetries, 454n75 power of brand, 128, 130 “ Powers of Ten ” (Eames and Eames), 52 power tools, 438n59 preagricultural societies, 149 presence, 205 Price, Cedric, 179, 201

490

Index

Princeton Radio Project, 254
Prism, 9, 121, 320
privacy
axiomatization of individual, 409n42
biopolitics of, 159, 360
cost of, 136, 285, 445n37
expectations of, 346
meta-metadata recursivity for, 287
right to, 270, 285
sacralization through encryption, 347
privacy markets, 285, 445n37
private human User, dissolution of, 289
private versus public space, 159
production labor. See workforce
product-service system, 438n59
program, 43, 165 – 166, 169
programmer lifestyle, 184
program-platform relationship, 165 – 166
progressivism of high modernity, 178
Project Cybersin (Chile), 58 – 61, 328
Promethean accelerationism, 390n19
property rights, 285 – 286, 380n15, 439n65
prostheticization, 273 – 275, 280
proto-citizenship, 152, 256, 258
protocol politics, 54
proto-cosmopolitanisms, 256 – 257
proto-sovereignty, 297, 312
proto-systems theory, 328
proxy User, 361
pseudo-universalism, 32
psychogeography, 179 – 180
Ptolemaic cosmology, 23, 273
public housing, 311 – 312
Public Smog project, 98
public trust doctrine, 98
pure war, 34, 324
Putin, Vladimir, 135
Pynchon, Thomas, 194
quantification of the User, 258 – 263
Quantified Self movement, 261 – 263, 266 –
267
quasi-cannibal economy, 82 – 83

Radcliffe, Daniel, 184
radio, 244 – 245, 429n62
Radio Project, Princeton, 254
Rainforest Skin, 88 – 89
Rainwater Chinese seeding of, 398n21 harvesting, 98, 339
Rand, Ayn, 253
Raumrevolution, 380n20
Ray, Charles, 257
reality filtering, 429n59
Real-Time Operating system Nucleus, The (TRON) (Sakamura), 59 – 61
“ Red Barchetta ” (Rush), 455n80
Red Plenty (Spufford), 58, 328, 331 – 332
Red Star (Bogdonov), 328
refugee camps, 174 – 175, 308, 312
refugees, 100 – 101, 153, 319, 409n39, 447n45
regional internet registries (RIRs), 207
Regulation National Market System (Reg NMS) (SEC), 451n63
religion Apps, 242 – 243 contemporary, 426n46 etymologies of, 239 fundamentalism, 17, 241, 427n47 religious movements as parastates, 445n39 rituals of, 426n47 of the state, 380n13 technology, qualities associated with the divine, 172
“ Religion in the Age of Digital Reproduction ” (Groys), 239
repentance, automation of, 243
resource economies, 182
retail space, future of, 133
revanchism, 447n45
reverse prostheticization, 274
RFID-enabled objects, 192
right of legitimate force, 357
“ right to the city, ” 174 – 175, 404n10
Rivera, Alex, 308
Robinson, Kim Stanley, 300

Index

491

robotics, 138 – 139, 279, 348, 362. See also cars:
driverless
robotic terraforming, 181
robot operating system (ROS), 139
robots, 275, 279, 307
robustness principle, 319
romanticism, 324 – 325
Romer, Paul, 310
Rosenzweig, Paul, 441n8
Rubin, Andy, 138 – 139
Rubin, Ben, 265
rule of law, 103, 111, 173
Rwanda, 82

Saarinen, Eero, 186
Sagan, Carl, 75
Sakamura, Ken, 59 – 61
San Salvador, 311
Sassen, Saskia, 416n28
satellite observation technology, 90 – 92
satellites, hacking, 401n45
Saverin, Eduardo, 126
scarcity addressable, 336 artificial, 208 automation and the end of, 328 bandwidth, 117 bitcoin and, 336 – 337 economy of, 208 energy, 93 exchange value and, 51 information, 353, 372
Schmidt, Eric, 113, 134 – 136
Schmitt, Carl, 19, 24 – 27, 29 – 32, 34, 84, 99, 113, 150, 175, 324, 368 – 369, 371, 379n10, 379n12, 397n19
Schmitt, Harrison, 442n11
“ Schmitt App, ” 241
Schr ö dinger ’ s pedestrian, 359
scientific management theory, 254, 285
Scott, James, 8
Scott, Ridley, 128
Scotus, Duns, 417n39
Sea. See also land versus sea beyond the line, 30 French versus English concepts of, 380n15
search, 112, 118, 136 – 138, 202 – 203, 332, 342
“ Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infra-Red Radiation ” (Dyson), 106
Seasteading Institute, 180
secession, 177, 306 – 307, 309 – 314, 336, 447n43
second planetary computer, 300 – 301
secular disenchantment, 426n46
Securities and Exchange Commission, Regulation National Market System, 451n63
securitized entertainment, 156
security imagine no lines/imagine nothing but lines, 324, 355 interfacial security regimes, 345 post-Oklahoma City Bombing architecture, 322 – 323 trading for, 445n37 utopia of, 311, 321 – 325
security Apps, 241
seeing like a state, 8, 106, 120, 333
self, the care of, 126, 261 dissolution of, 263 fabrication of, 126 mirror reflection of, 253, 264 quantification of, 258 – 263 self-knowledge through numbers, 261 technologies of, 348
self-identity of the User, 258, 261, 263, 274, 345, 362
self-image geographic, 144 human, 71, 253 of the User, 253, 261
self-knowledge through numbers, 261
self-mapping swarms, 265
self-realization, 129
self-reflection of the User, 252 – 253
semantics of the address, 193
semantic web, 202 – 203
“ sensing like a state, ” 340
sensing networks, 303
sensors blanketing Earth, 97, 180, 192, 198, 295 design questions, 342 forming a Cloud of machine sensation, 340 future of, 342 mobile phones as, 342 as User/ User as, 340
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 321, 363
Serres, Michel, 1, 19, 75, 210, 222 – 223, 238
Shanghai World Expo (2010), 257 – 258, 285, 289
Shannon information, 205, 296 – 297
Shannon ’ s law (Shannon-Hartley Theorem), 92, 393n52
Shaping Things (Sterling), 201
signaling, 148
“ Silicon Valley ’ s Ultimate Exit ” (Srinivasan), 312 – 314
Simondon, Gilbert, 272, 405n26
Singleton, Benedict, 43 – 44, 288
singularity, 401n51
Siri for iOS, 277, 286
skeuomorphic interface designs, 139, 224, 339
skin. See also Earth designability of, 352 – 353 everywhere is, 355 human, 88 question of, 392n42
Sky Ear (Haque), 392n40
SkyGrabber, 401n45
Sleep Dealer (Rivera), 308
Smarr, Larry, 267 – 270, 285, 288
smart cities, 147 – 148, 160 – 162, 179, 181
smart dust, 201
smart grids, 92 – 96, 393n53
smart meters, resistance to, 283
smart space design questions, 201
smart surfaces, 198
Smart2020 (Climate Group), 93 – 94
Smithson, Robert, 53, 86, 178
Snow Crash (Stephenson), 400n42
Snowden, Edward, 35, 121, 287, 405n16
social body, inside/outside of, 22
social capital/social debt, 127
social imaginary, 233
socialism, 332
socialist pricing problem, 333, 369
social media, 9, 262 – 263, 428n58, 431n70
social nudity, 285
social space, 125 – 128, 169, 424n41
social systems City layer as, 157 – 159 classlessness in, 439n65 inclusion/exclusion in, 308 – 309, 311 – 312, 317
social-technical form, emergence of a new, 176
social Turingism, 80
social wallet, 127
software architecture, 166 constructing new civilizations, 181 design, 254 – 255 envelopes, 167 interfaciality, 167 language versus technology dichotomy, 60 law as code, 327 mixed programs, designing for, 168 – 172 and sovereignty, 20, 303 translegal forms, 355 – 356
software espionage, 398n21
software program, 43
software-space coprogramming, 237 – 238
solar energy, 106
Soleri, Paolo, 178 – 179
solidification and liquefaction, 379n9. See also land versus sea
sorting, rituals of, 156
South Korea, 179
sovereign defined, 20, 341 User as, 175 – 176, 269, 283, 285 – 287, 297, 347
sovereign decision, 20, 32 – 33
sovereign exception, 20 – 21, 32, 105, 341
sovereign identification, 122 – 123
sovereign markets, 21, 105, 285
sovereign network of the general intellect, 332
sovereign space claim to, 8, 25, 111, 249 – 250 governing strategies, 115 land, sea, and air, 25, 27, 150, 380n15 lines symbolizing, 119 – 120 megastructural, 154 – 155, 176 – 183 monopoly over, 8, 14 satellite domains, 97 sea versus land, 27, 150, 380n15
sovereignty. See also authority; jurisdiction accidental, 296 over borders, 32 – 33 from city surfaces and interfaces, 151 – 155 over communication flows, 194 over data flows, 203 – 204 data producing, 97 derived from property, 285 over displaced citizens of ghost nations, 100 – 101 dividing, 19 – 22 domestic, 20 epidermal mode of, 352 geographic history of, versus Schmittian nomos, 19 Google ’ s challenge to, 34 – 35, 39, 134, 144, 295, 318, 372 infrastructural, beginnings, 33 interdependent, 20 of layers, 314 location of, 327 – 328 meaning of, 36 new forms of, 5 in political philosophy, 20 present-day decline, 443n23 private, 308 – 309, 317 process making, 302 – 303 purpose of, 97 redesigned, Stack-to-come, 294 and territory, 114, 312, 316 transient, 310
Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
space aerial, 25, 27, 30 of animalian identification, 275 architectural, 43, 164 – 165, 343 beyond the line, 30 biopolitical economy of, 22 constructed images versus space-experience 30 data space versus state space, 123 deconcretizing, results of, 27 – 31 dedifferentiated, 33 designable, 353 digital, 91 divisionable, 195 empty, 30, 380n20 of exception, 32 – 33 expressions of embodiment, 424n41 geological, 381n27 geopolitical, 6 global, 19 governance of, 163 of historical existence transformed, 19 information, 31 of mathematics, 337, 352 of networks, 29 private versus public, 159 of relationality between addresses, 205 – 206 retail, future of, 133 social, 125 – 128, 424n41 sovereign claim to, 8, 111, 249 – 250 The Stack ’ s making of, 33 technological and geographic equality of, 27
spacefulness/spacelessness, 30 – 31
Spaceship Earth (Fuller), 178
space-software coprogramming, 237 – 238
spam, 94, 401n51
“ Special Considerations of the Individual as User, Generator, and Retriever of Information ” (Engelbart), 343

492

Index

Index

493

494

Index

Special Economic Zones, 114, 163, 309

politics of, 69

SPIME, 201 – 204

properties, 5, 52

Spivak, Gayatri, 270

purpose of, 107

Spoofing addresses, 361

stability, 250

Spufford, Francis, 58

things incorporated, requirements for, 197

Srinivasan, Balaji, 312 – 315, 319

totalitarianism, resistance to, 69

Stack, The

totality of, 213 – 214

as accidental megastructure, 5, 8 – 17, 54, 61, 64, 72, 303, 367

utopian and dystopian machine, 5

that was and might have been, 58 – 61

architecture, 5, 11, 52 – 54, 327

stack effect, 303

axonometric diagram of, 66

Stack model, 2 – 8, 12 – 13, 24, 52 – 55

City layer integration, 154 – 155, 170, 177

Stack space, 34 – 35

conflict in cohering/distributed inscription, 112

Stack-to-come

Address layer, 326 – 337

constituent and curatorial, 59 – 60

becoming, 351

constitutive and generative, 58 – 59

building, 357 – 358

decision-making, 37

challenge of seeing, 294

defined, 37, 375

City layer, 314, 320 – 327

design, 38 – 39, 153, 299, 364

Cloud layer, 295 – 296, 307 – 319

emergence, 28

Earth layer, 294 – 295, 300 – 307

energy footprint, 93, 303

fabrication of, 364

examples of, 52 – 54

formation of, 66

future arrived but not named, future named but not arrived, 294

framework, 124 – 125

geoaesthetics and geodesign, 294, 304 – 305

future of, 124 – 125

imagining, 298 – 300

geographies of, 33, 87 – 88

geopolitical geography, 4 – 5, 33, 65, 176

Interface layer, 297 – 299, 337 – 343, 347, 432n71

governance, 69, 111, 287

possibility of, 303 – 305

historical precedents, 58 – 64

made useful, 298

identity, 37, 65

User layer, 296 – 297, 313 – 314, 343 – 349

infrastructure, 90, 93, 101 – 102

Stack transportation, 280

integral accident of, 365

Stack urbanism, 149, 159 – 160, 405n11

interfacial systems, 228 – 229

Stack-versus-Stack warfare, 298, 326, 346

limits of, 85, 92 – 94

location of humans in, 253

Stack-we-have, 61 – 66, 293 – 300, 363 – 365. See also specific layers

as megastructure, 197

standards, 45, 46, 54

metaplatform, 65, 284

Stark, Tony, 249

metatechnology, 214

Star Wars, 155, 242

nomos of, 235

state

objects in, 200 – 204

authority, 6, 295, 318

and its others, 355 – 358

cartography function of, 119 – 120

platforms as, 7 – 8, 42 – 43

Cloud-based, 109, 119 – 121, 295, 316, 327,

as political machine, 55 – 58

399n36, 441n8

Index

495