人工智能时代：破解人机共存密码（套装共10册）

致谢

当我们开始写此章节时，我们意识到有那么多人为这本书的出版做出了重要贡献，就像现在的“数制”工坊（大约1 000多家）那么多。与其在这里列出那么多名字，我们更想向本书中提到的每个人以及帮助我们讲述这些故事的人致以崇高谢意。我们很幸运能够与业内非常优秀的基本书局和布罗克曼股份有限公司这两家出版机构合作。我们非常感谢众多读者深思熟虑后的反馈。有人说，“book”（书）是一个由4个字母组成的单词，用于表示它传承生命的方式。我们的合作来源于家人的耐心、支持、好奇心，以及批评和贡献，我们对他们永远感激不尽。

参考文献

我们在此提供了我们编写《设计现实》时信息的来源、背景和参考资源，这些参考资源的出现顺序与章节中一致。资源信息是可回顾的；我们邀请您加入我们的书籍网站http://designingreality.org，以获取在线内容的链接和图书资料的更新。

序言

Our face icons were drawn by Steve McCracken (who also designed the CBA and fab lab logos).

We’ve committed an editorial sin by writing Lass ^’ Law rather than Lass ^’ s Law. We pronounce it “Lasses Law,” but prefer the visual emphasis of LL rather than sss.

Gordon Moore’s article, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electron ics, April 19, 1965, 8, features his original observations, the remarkable predictions he made, and his insights into how he connected the dots.

We quote President Obama on the Internet being a necessity, not a luxury. For coverage, see Krishnadev Calamur, “Broadband a ‘Necessity,’Obama Says, As He Pushes FCC to Expand Access,” NPR, January 14,2015.

In discussing exponential change, we cite Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (Penguin Books, 2005).Ray has been tracking exponential change in technologies with more depth and breadth than anyone we know.

Dale Dougherty is the creator of Make magazine and the Maker Faire.His most recent book provides a tour of the maker movement, Free toMake: How the Maker Movement Is Chan_gin_g Our (North Atlantic Books, 2016).

The work of Incite Focus on shelter, energy, and food is presented at the Incite Focus/ Center for Community Production/home page, www.incite-focus.org. The Fab City Pledge has a supporting website at http://fab.city.Both are referenced here and in a few other places in the book.

Neil Gershenfeld’s When Thin_gs Start to Think (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1999) presented what became known as the Internet of Things, and his Fab: The Comin_g Revo lution on Your Desktop: From Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication (Basic Books, 2007) introducedthe fab lab movement.

E-Line Media, founded by Alan Gershenfeld and Michael Angst, is a video-game publisher passionate about making great games that help players understand and shape the world. Learn more at the company’s home page, http://elinemedia.com.

Jim Gee brought his expertise in literacy to digital fabrication in “Literacy: From Writing to Fabbing,”

November 11, 2014, www.jamespaulgee.com/archdisp.php? id=71&scateg=Linguistics

第1章 智造万物

Neil developed the original CBA proposal (http://cba.mit.edu) with Joe Jacobson, Isaac Chuang, and Scott Manalis, advised by Marvin Minsky. The first How to Make (almost) Anything class (http://fab.cba.mit.edu/classe/MAS.863) was planned by them, along with Joe Paradiso and John DiFrancesco. The adventurous NSF program managers who agreed to the fab lab experiment were Kamal Abdali and Mita Desai. The first fab labs were developed and deployed by a group that included Sherry Lassiter, Bakhtiar Mikhak, Amon Millner, Caroline McEnnis, Amy Sun, and Manu Prakash.

Mel King provides a personal perspective on the Tent City story in Chain of Chan_ge: Stru_ggles for Black Commun it_y (South End Press, 1981), which is the context for the first fab lab

The origins of Metcalfe’s law, which was apparently first stated by George Gilder in 1993, citing Robert Metcalfe, is summarized in Carl Shapiro and Hal R. Varian, Ru les (Harvard Business Press, 1999).

The application examples are drawn from personal experience working in fab labs, the Fab Academy (http://fabacademy.org), and the annual gatherings of the fab lab network (http://fabevent.org).

Fab lab program information is available through the Fab Foundation(http://fabfoundation.org), Academany (http://academany.org), and community portal sites (https://www.fablabs.io).

Barcelona’s original Fab City commitment (http://fab.city) was developed by Tomas Diez with Vicente Guallart (city architect), Xavier Trias(mayor), and Antoni Vives (deputy mayor).

US Rep. Bill Foster reports on the initial fab and maker legislation at “Foster Introduces Legislation to Support Next Generation of Makers, Innovators,” press release, May 25, 2015, https://foster.house.gov/media-center/pressreleases/foster-introduces-legislation-to-support-nextgeneration-of-makers.

The Global Humanitarian Lab (www.globalhumanitarianlab.org) was launched by David Ott (from the International Committee of the Red Cross) and Olivier Delarue (from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees).

第2章 第三次数字革命

Individuals quoted by name here, and in Chapters 4 and 6, were interviewed by Joel and Alan in January, February, March, and April 2017, as part of the research for the book.

The DARPA Social Science Initiative, “Accelerating Discovery with New Tools and Methods for Next Generation

Social Science,” was announced on March 4, 2016, www.darpa.mil/news-events/2016-03-04.

The graph on Internet use was constructed with data from Internet World Stats, International Data Corporation, and Nua Ltd.

Victoria Rideout and Vikki S. Katz’s report focuses on digital access in low-income families: “Opportunity for All? Technology and Learning in Lower-Income Families,” Joan Ganz Cooney Center, February 3, 2016, www.joanganzcooneycenter.org/publication/opportunity-for-alltechnology-and-learning-in-lower-income-families.

The stakeholder alignment survey was distributed through the Fab Foundation email list to 11,355 recipients, of which 3,439 opened the document. The survey was approved for use by the Brandeis Institutional Review Board, which ensures proper treatment of the subjects of research(human and others). Complete responses were received from 178 individuals (resulting in a 5 percent response rate among those who opened the document). We had requests to translate the survey into multiple languages, which we were unable to do in the limited time we had available to us. This affects the response rate and the interpretation of the data. When asked to indicate their primary role, the participants gave the following mix of responses:

Most individuals had more than one primary role. When the respondents were asked to check all that apply, here was the distribution:

Note that this table includes Maker Faire, which was not a primary role in the above table. Most of these individuals

have only been in their primary role for less than five years (54.7 percent), with most of the rest in their roles 5 to 10 years (32.6 percent) and the balance longer (12.8 percent).

Over three-quarters of the respondents were male (79.1 percent), with the balance female (20.3 percent) or intersex (0.6 percent). Slightly over half (50.3 percent) have a graduate degree (non-doctoral), and another 15.0 percent have a PhD. Some 18.5 percent have a bachelor’s degree, and the balance (16.2 percent) have an associate’s degree, some college, or a high school degree. The age distribution is remarkably even across age groupings, with 30.7 percent under the age of 35, 28.9 percent between 35 and 44, 24.9 percent between 45 and 54, and 15.6 percent over the age of 55.

The survey instrument was developed by the company Joel cofounded, Way Mark Analytics, and the Michael Haberman generated the visualizations. These are termed z-flower since what are called z-scores(a mathematical transformation to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1) are sometimes used in the generation of the visualization.The print copy of the book includes z-flowers with shades of gray. The color versions (and additional z-flowers) can be viewed at http://waymar systems.org:8000/report/FAB2017#.

These visualizations make it possible to see every stakeholder’s response, rather than just clusters of responses as might be represented in a histogram. Small numbers of respondents who are either very positive or very negative stand out in this format and are often essential to understand when seeking stakeholder alignment.

When we report that respondents found a given issue very impor tant,we did so on the basis of responses that were a .7 or higher on an elevenpoint numerical rating scale where 0 was “not important” and 1.0 was“very important.” Similarly, when we reported that an issue was very diffcult, it was ranked a .3 or lower on an eleven-point numerical rating scale,where 0 was “very difficult” and 1.0 was “very easy.

When viewing the visualizations, first look for the value on impotance to assess the degree to which something is a must-have. Second,look for the degree of contrast between importance and ease, which indicates the gap to be addressed and the level of pain in the system (pain is high if something is very important, but hard to do). Third, look for the variation in the responses. If difficulty is bimodal, for example, it is likely that bringing up the bottom (those who find something difficult) will b more effective than enhancing things for people who do not find it difficult There may also be bright spots or pain points highlighted in the visualization that need further investigation. Altogether, these visualizations are designed to provide increased situational awareness and prompts for further action.

Kate Pickett and Richard Wilkinson document the benefits of equaity in The S_p ir it Leve l : Wh_y More E_qua l Societies Alwa_ys Do Better(Bloomsbury Press, 2009),

Gui Cavalcanti attempts to clarify terminology and culture in “Is It a Hackerspace, Makerspace, Tech Shop, or