人工智能时代：破解人机共存密码（套装共10册）

FabLab?,” Make magazine, May 22, 2013. This topic would benefit from further dialogue

The Freestyle Chess story was taken from Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson’s The Second Machine A_ge: Work Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (W. W. Norton & Company, 2016).

Mariana Mazzucato’s The Entre_preneur ia l State: Debunkin_g vs Pr ivate Sector M_yths (Anthem Books, 2015) identifies the key role of public-funded research in driving private-sector innovation and growth.

The sample fab lab budget was provided by the Fab Foundation.

The Fab City white paper “Locally Productive, Globally Connected Self-Sufficient Cities” is available at http://fab.city/whitepaper.pdf

For more information on alternative approaches to risk assessment,see Nancy Leveson et al., “Systems Approaches to Safety: NASA and the Space Shuttle Disasters,” in , ed. William Starbuck and Moshe Farjoun (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005).

“The Science Behind Shaping Player Behavior in Online Games,”Jeffrey Lin’s talk at Game Developers Conference, 2013, outlines Riot Games’ efforts to reduce toxic behavior in the L_eague _of L_egend_s game(http://gdcvault.com/play/1017940/The-Science-Behind-Shaping-Player).Brendan Maher’s “Can a Video Game Company

Tame Toxic Behaviour?,”Nature, March 30, 2016, also covers Riot Games’ efforts to reduce toxic behavior.

US Rep. Bill Foster’s proposed National Fab Lab Network Act of 2015(H.R. 1622) continues in discussion in the US Congress.

More information on the UN Sustainable Development Goals is available at www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-developmentgoals.

第3章 背后的科学

The Moore’s Law data was taken from Gordon Moore’s original paper“Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Electron ics 38,no. 8 (1965), and then from Intel’s mainline chip specifications (http://ar.intel.com).

The Lass’ Law data came from CBA’s internal records, the wiki started by Frosti Gíslason (http://wiki.fablab.is), and the portal started by Tomas Diez (https://www.fablabs.io).

Shannon’s original reference for reliable communication was C. E.Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication, 99 S_ystem Techn ica l Journa l 27 (1948): 379–423, and von Neumann’s original reference for reliable computation was John von Neumann, “Probabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components,”Automata 34 (1956): 43–98.

The discussion of digitization in biology drew on the work of, and conversations with, George Church, Joe Jacobson, Pete Carr, Tom Knight,Erik Winfree, Paul Rothemund, Erez Lieberman Aiden, Alicia Jackson,John Glass, and Elizabeth Strychalski.

The discussion of digitization in physics drew on the work of, and discussions with, Charles Bennett, Rolf Landauer, David DiVincenzo, Nabil Amer, Scott Kirkpatrick, Geoff Grinstein, Ed Fredkin, Tommaso Toffoli,Norman Margolus, Seth Lloyd, Isaac Chuang, Jean-Jacques Quisquater,and Wojciech Zurek.

The discussion of digitization in intelligence drew on the work of, and discussions with, John Doyle, Raff D’Andrea, Pablo Parrilo, Ben Recht,Andreas Weigend, Terry Sejnowski, John Hopfield, and Sebastian Seung

第4章 路径创造

The presentation of the reactive roots of the social sciences draws on discussions with Scott Cooper, Dan Cornfield, Ton Kochan, Bob McKesie, and members of the Stakeholder Alignment Collaborative, including Karen Baker, Nick Berente, Pat Canavan, Gabe Gershenfeld, Brandon Grant, John Leslie King, Christine Kirkpatrick, Barbara Lawrence, Chris Lenhardt, Peter Levin, Spenser Lewis, Matt Mayernik, Charlie Mcelroy,Barbara Mittleman, Namchul Shin, Shelly Stall, and Susan Winter.

In The Protestant Ethic and the S_p ir it of Ca_p ita l ism (George Allen &Unwin Ltd., 1905; trans. by Talcott Parsons, 1930), Max Weber demonstrated how religious conceptions of work, particularly Calvinist concepts,conferred legitimacy on a capitalist system.

Émile Durkheim’s The Div is ion of Labor in Soc iet_y (1893) was based on his doctoral dissertation and traced the impact of the industrial revolution on class structure in society.

Octavia Hill, in Our Common Land (and other short essa_ys) (Macmillan, 1877), focused on visiting the poor, the importance of charity, the value of open spaces, and related topics.

Jane Addams’s 1892 essay “The Subjective Value of a Social Settlement” focused on Hull House in Chicago and was one of many essays she wrote on homes for the poor.

The International Union of Psychological Science traces its roots to the first international congress in 1885 in www.iupsys.net/about/histor/index.html. The founding of the American Psychological Association is documented at www.apa.org/about/apa/archives/apa-history.aspx

Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, Industr ia l Democrac_y (Longmans,Green & Co., 1897), focused on collective bargaining as the foundation for“industrial democracy,” a new term introduced into the social sciences by the Webbs.

John R. Commons coauthored the four-volume Histor_y of in theUn ited States (Macmillan, 1918–1935). It is part of a body of work connecting changes in institutional arrangements, such as the structure of unions, with changes in the structure of markets, such as happened with the impact of the Erie Canal on commerce.

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley’s Frankenste in: or The Prometheus (Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, 1818) is one of the first modern examples of science fictio

Charles Dickens’s Hard Times (Bradbury and Evans, 1854) is a critique of the utilitarian philosophy that accepted the social order associated with the industrial revolution.

Upton Sinclair’s The Jun_g le (Doubleday, Jabber & Company, 1906) illustrates the power of fiction to influence policy, such as what happene with legislation on the meatpacking industry. In later years, John Steinbeck’s The (Viking Press, 1939) and other writers continued the tradition of social commentary through fiction

Path dependency as a concept emerged in economics with efforts to account for new technologies. See, for example, Paul A. David, “Path Dependence: Putting the Past into the Future of Economics, working paper,Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences Technical Report 533, Stanford University, November 1988; and W. Brian Arthur, “Self Reinforcing Mechanisms in Economics,” in The Econom_y as an EvolvingComplex System: The Proceedings of the Global Economy Workshop, Held September, 1987 in Santa Fe, New , ed. Philip W. Anderson, Kenneth J. Arrow, David Pines (Addison-Wesley, 1988).

Robert Michels’s Po l itica l Parties: A Soc io lo_gica l Stud_y the Ol i_garchica l Tendencies of Modern Democrac_y (Hearst, 1911) focuses ontrade unions and political parties, both mission-driven institutional arrangements that focused first on continued existence and only after that on mission.

Thomas Kuhn’s Th_e St_ruct_ure _of S_ci_entifi_c (University of Chicago Press, 1962) documents the conservative forces in institutions that constrain change, even in the evidence-based world of science.

Adam Smith’s An In_qu i r_y into the Nature and Causes of Wea lth of Nations (London: W. Strahan, 1776) has shaped thinking about markets that were just beginning to emerge in ways that contrasted with feudalism. Note that the original handwritten manuscript (with cross-outs and notes) is in the rare-books collection of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Karl Marx’s The Commun ist Man ifesto (1848) calls for the class struggle against the owners of the means of production. In this work and in jointly authored works with Friedrich Engels, there is surprisingly little on what it would mean for workers to own the means of production, in contrast with the ownership class. Increased individual and community ownership of the means of production is, of course, a prospect that is central to this book.

Frederick Taylor’s The Pr inc i_p les of Sc ientific (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1911) was reprinted many times as a central reference for Taylor Society chapters

around the country and is foundational for the field of industrial engineering

Fred Emery and Merrelyn Emery wrote A Choice of Futures (Martinus Nijhoff Social Sciences Division, 1976) as part of a series of monographs on the quality of working life.

Stewart Brand’s 1968 launch of the Who le Earth Cata lo_g led to many editions, a Who le Earth E_p i lo_gue, and, beginning in 1974 (the year Joel graduated from high school), the launch of the CoEvo lution Quarter l_y.

John Markoff’s What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Sha_ped the Persona l Com_puter Industr_y (Viking Penguin, 2005)connects the rise of digital computation with countercultural forces in society.

Stewart Brand and J. Baldwin edited Soft-Tech: A Co-(Penguin, 1978), which is designed with the same look and feel as the Who le Earth Cata lo_g, but with a focus on technology, broadly defined

Alvin Toffler’sFuture Shock (Random House, 1970) is based on an article he wrote: “The Future As a Way of Life,” in Hor izon magazine.

Michael Piore and Charles Sabel’s The Second Industr ia l for Pros_per it_y (Basic Books, 1984) connects the dots between changing computer technologies used in manufacturing and changing markets.

Ray Kurzweil’s The A_ge of Inte l l i_gent Machines (MIT Press, 1992) is a precursor to his The A_ge of S_p i r itua l When Com_puters Exceed Human Inte l l i_gence (Viking

Press, 1999) and his The Sin_gu lar it_y Is Near :When Humans Bio lo_gy (Viking Press, 2005), all of which trace exponential rates of change in communication and computation technologies and the implications for core assumptions about human existence.

Arthur C. Clark’s 2001 : A S_pace Od_ysse_y (New American Library,1968) was released concurrently with the movie, which he developed jointly with Stanley Kubrick.

When William Shatner visited Neil’s lab to discuss the science of Star Trek while he was writing I ^’ m Workin_g on A Trek from Science Fiction to Science Fact, he and Neil agreed that they couldn’t tell who was imitating whom.

William Gibson’s “Burning Chrome,” in Omn i (July 1982), introduced the term “cyberspace,” which was further elaborated in his Neuromancer(Ace, 1984).

Note that Joel finds inspiration in Robert Heinlein’s concept of a fair witness in Heinlein’s novel A Stran_ger in Stran_ge Land (Putnam,1961) — a science-fiction idea that is desperately needed in society

The World Bank’s “2016 World Development Report on Digital Dividends” is available at www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016.

Mechan ic is a game platform and community that enables youth to design their own original video games. is published by E-Line Media and was developed in partnership with the Institute of Play and the MacArthur Foundation. Since its launch, over one million original games have been published by youth player/creators. Learn more at https://gamestarmechanic.com.

Douglas McGregor’s The Human Side of Enter_pr ise (McGraw Hill,1960) was reproduced in an annotated edition in 2006 with Joel as the editor. It is among the most influential management books ever published Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Dan Brooks, and Martin Mulloy document fifty-six pivotal events in Ins ide the Ford-UAW Transformation: Pivota l Events in (MIT Press, 2014), which identified the key role of changing deeply embedded operating assumtions to enable culture change. This, in turn, builds on Ed Schein’s Or_gan izationa l Cu lture and Leadershi_p (Jossey-Bass, 1985).

A window into the culture of the Digital Equipment Corporation is provided by Guidon Kunda in En_gineer in_g Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation (Temple University Press, 2000).

William Bridges’s Mana_gin_g Trans itions: Makin_g the Most Chan_ge(Da Capo Press and Perseus Books, 1991) has recently been released in a special twenty-fifth anniversary edition, indicating its long-standing value.

MIT chancellor Cynthia Barnhart and medical director William Kettyle announced the Mind Hand Heart Initiative in Kath Xu, “Mind Hand Heart Expected to Improve Access to Resources, (MIT) Tech,September 3, 2015, http://tech.mit.edu/V135/N20/mindhandheart.html.For Car Ta lk host Ray Magliozzi’s comments on the MIT seal, see Peter Dizikes, “Moving Spectacle: MIT Marks 100 Years in Cambridge with‘Crossing the Charles Parade and Evening Celebration, MIT News, May 9, 2016, at http://news.mit.edu/2016/crossing-charles-moving-day-paradecompetition-0509. The history of the MIT Seal is at http://libraries.mit.edu/mithistory/institute/seal-of-themassachusetts-institute-of-technology.For recent commentary on head, heart, and hands at MIT, see coverage of Megan Smith’s commencement address in 2015, http://news.mit.edu/2015/commencement-day-0605.

Robert Owen’s attempt to create a new society was not sustainable,partly because of what Owen’s oldest son, Robert Dale Owen, described as “a heterogeneous collection of radicals, enthusiastic devotees to principle, honest latitudinarians, and lazy theorists, with a sprinkling of unprincipled sharpers thrown in,” who were drawn to the community. An interesting legacy is that Owen’s oldest son entered Indiana politics, where he championed legislation giving widows and married women control over property and promoted free schools in the state. He then represented Indiana in the US Congress, where he wrote the legislation establishing the Smithsonian Institution.

Mondragon is the subject of hundreds of books and scholarly articles.More information on the cooperative is at www.mondragon-corporation.com/en.

Remake Learning has become a benchmark for regional learning ecosystem transformation. More information on Remake Learning is at http://remakelearning.org. The Remake Learning Playbook, a field guide of ideas and resources for building innovation networks for teaching and learning, was created by the Sprout Fund; see http://remakelearning.org/playbook.