InventingtheFuturePostcapitalismandaWorldWithoutWorkNickSrnicekAlexWilliamsZLibrary的全文翻译

75.关于身体实验的两个引人入胜的描述，请参阅香农·贝尔的《快速女权主义》(纽约:自主媒体，2010);比阿特丽斯普雷西亚多，《德斯托·瘾君子:药物色情时代的性、毒品和生物政治》(纽约:纽约市立女性主义出版社，2013)。

76.本书的其余部分将主要讨论综合自由的前两个方面:生存的基本条件和集体行动的能力。然而，我们将在结束语中回到人类的技术增强上来。

77.苏珊·巴克-莫尔斯，《黑格尔海地与世界史》(宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡:匹兹堡大学出版社，2009年)，第106页。

1. 《未来行不通》

1. Two recent manifestos from India and Germany have also attacked the glorification of work: Kamunist Kranti, A Ballad Against

Work’, 1997, at libcom.org; and Krisis-Group, Manifesto Against Labour’, 1999, at krisis.org

1. Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume III (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1977), p. 820.

1. Research suggests that changes in opportunities (provided by moments such as an economic crisis) are far more important than the level of grievances in generating a social movement. In other words, the idea that making things worse will lead to revolution has little empirical support. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), Chapter 5.

1. Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I, transl. Ben Fowkes (London: Penguin, 1990), Part 8.

1. Michael Perelman, The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Political Economy and the Secret History of Primitive Accumulation (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000), p. 14.

1. As Marx writes,“Proletarian" must be understood to mean, economically speaking, nothing other than “wage-labourer", the man who produces and valorises “capital" , and is thrown onto the street as soon as he becomes superfluous to the need for valorisation.' Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 764 n. 1 (emphasis added).

1. In the case of groups like unpaid domestic labourers, the proletariat can also rely upon the wages of another for its survival, along with all the problematic dependencies this fosters. In this case, the proletariat is indirectly reliant upon waged labour for its survival.

1. Richard Freeman, The Great Doubling: The Challenge of the New Global Labor Market' , in John Edwards, Marion Crain and Arne Kalleberg, eds, Ending Poverty in America: How to Restore the American Dream (New York: New Press, 2007).

1. Steve Fraser, The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power (New York: Little, Brown US, 2015), p. 60.

1. The problem of how to define the surplus population is one which is often assumed away in the literature. But there are important issues here that cannot simply be passed by. If the surplus is defined in terms of waged versus non-waged, then are working prison populations not part of the surplus? What about the vast amounts of informal labour that works for a wage and produces for a market? Other problems arise if one defines the surplus in terms of productive and unproductive labour. In particular, one is led to the conclusion Negri and Hardt draw -that since socially productive labour exists everywhere under conditions of post-Fordism, the term no longer has meaning. (Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire [New York: Penguin, 2005], p. 131.) We reject that conclusion and attempt to demonstrate here that the concept still has important analytical and explanatory utility. We believe that the surplus can be defined as those who are outside of waged labour under capitalist conditions of production. The latter qualification means that most informal labour (not under capitalist conditions of production) is included in the category. We are particularly influenced here by the work of Kalyan Sanyal.

1. Joan Robinson, Economic Philosophy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1964), p. 46.

1. In economics this is associated with the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU). Hiring workers when unemployment is at this level is thought to raise wages and eventually cause inflation, thereby setting a floor to how low the unemployment rate should go.

1. For classic statements about the political uses of unemployment, see Micha Kalecki, Political Aspects of Full Employment' Political Quarterly 14: 4 (1943); Samuel Bowles, The Production Process in a Competitive Economy: Walrasian, Neo-Hobbesian, and Marxian Models' , American Economic Review 75: 1 (1985).

1. This emphasis on secular trends, we would argue, is one of the unique characteristics of a Marxist understanding of unemployment.

1. The fear of automation taking jobs has a long history, of which the Luddites were one of the earliest examples. More recently this fear was a major issue in the 1960s with discussions about the idea of cybernation and in the 1980s and 1990s with headlinegrabbing journalistic commentary, and has re-emerged again over the past few years. The large number of relevant texts include: Ad Hoc Čommittee, The Triple Revolution' , International Socialist Review 24: 3 (1964); Donald Michael, Cybernation: The Silent Conquest (Santa Barbara, CA: Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, 1962); Paul Mattick, The Economics of Cybernation’ , New Politics 1: 4 (1962); David Noble, Progress Without People: In Defense of Luddism (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1995); Jeremy Rifkin, The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market

Neilson and Thomas Stubbs, ‘Relative Surplus Population and Uneven Development in the Neoliberal Era: Theory and Empirical Application' , Capital & Class 35 (2011), p. 443.

1. In Marx’ s schema, this can be understood as C-M-C, where commodities are produced and sold on the market in order to receive money to buy goods for subsistence. This differs from pre-capitalist subsistence economies in that goods are not produced for personal consumption, but instead must be mediated through the market. Sanyal, Rethinking Capitalist Development, pp. 69–70.

1. Michael Denning, Wageless Life'’ , New Left Review II/66 (November-December 2010), p. 86; ILO, G20 Labour Markets: Outlook, Key Challenges and Policy Responses (Geneva: International Labour Organization/OECD/World Bank, 2014), at ilo.org, p. 8.

1. Marilyn Power, From Home Production to Wage Labor: Women as a Reserve Army of Labor’ , Review of Radical Political Economics 15:1 (1983).

1. David Harvey, A Companion to Marx’'s Capital, Volume 1 (London: Verso, 2010), p. 280.

1. ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market, 8th edn (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2013), at ilo.org.

1. State of the Global Workplace: Employee Engagement Insights for Business Leaders Worldwide, Gallup, 2013, at ihrim.org, p. 27; John Bellamy Foster, Robert W. McChesney and R. Jamil Jonna, The Global Reserve Army of Labor and the Ney Imperialism' , Monthly Review, November 2011; Neilson and Stubbs, Relative Surplus Population' . The International Labour Organization currently estimates that 5.9 per cent of the working population (201 million people) are unemployed -but this relies on a very stringent definition of unemployment. ILO, World Employment and Social Outlook -Trends 2015 (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2015), at ilo.org, p. 16. If one works for an hour mowing a lawn, makes a few dollars selling homemade wares on a street, or has a doctorate and works in a call centre, the ILO counts this as employment. In other words, parttime workers, informal workers and underemployed workers all count as employed. The ILO definition of unemployment also improves when people drop out of the labour force: a smaller workforce means lower unemployment. A more meaníngful measure is therefore the level of employment among the working-age population, according to which the ILO estimates that over 40 per cent of the world' s population is not employed. ILO, Global Émployment Trends 2014, p. 18. In a similar measure, they estimate that only half the global labour force is in waged or salaried work. ILO, World Employment and Social Outlook: The Changing Nature of Jobs (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2015), p. 28. But these measures still overestimate the number of people employed, and so other measures have attempted to overcome these deficiencies. Gallup, for instance, defines employment' as formal work for thirty hours or more per week -and concludes that 74 per cent of the global labour force fails to meet this definition. State of the Global Workplace: Employee Engagement Insights for Business Leaders Worldwide, Gallup; 2013, pdf available at ihrim. org, p. 27. Another study, based on ILO data on the unemployed, vulnerably employed and economically inactive, estimates the surplus population at 61 per cent of the total working-age population (calculated from data by Neilson and Stubbs, Relative Surplus Population, p. 444). The conclusion to draw from these aternative measures is simple: the global surplus population is massive, and in fact outnumbers the formal working class.

1. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, transl. Constance Farrington (London: Penguin Classics, 2001), Chapter 2; Patricia Connelly, Last Hired First Fired: Women and the Canadian Work Force (Toronto: The Women’ s Press, 1978).

1. Cleaver here uses the term Lumpen' to refer to what we have called the proletariat' condition. Eldridge Cleaver, On Lumpen Ideology' , The Black Scholar, 4:3 (1972), pp. 9–10.

1. Mattick, Economics of Cybernation'’, p. 19.

1. Benanav and Endnotes, Misery and Debt' ; Fredric Jameson, Representing Capital: A Reading of Volume One (London: Verso, 2011), p. 2. Broadly speaking, we can discern two ways in which the concept of surplus populations has functioned in recent debates. One set of arguments is concerned with the overlapping of particular social groups (for example, black minorities) with the concept of the surplus population. Another, much smaller, set of arguments has been interested in the claim that the surplus population has a secular trend to grow in size.

1. Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 798.

1. Richard Duboff, Full Employment: The History of a Receding Target’, Politics & Society 7: 1 (1977), pp. 7–8.

1. Economic Projections of Federal Reserve Board Members and Federal Reserve Bank Presidents, December 2014, Federal Reserve Board, 2014, pdf available at federal-reserve.gov, p. 1.

1. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Civilian Employment-Population Ratio’ , Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, 2014, at research. stlouisfed.org; Deepankar Basu, The Reserve Army of Labour in the Postwar US Economy: Some Stock and Flow Estimates, Working Paper (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2012), p. 7.

1. ILO, Global Employment Trends 2014, p. 17.

1. The job growth rate dropped from 1.7 per cent between 1991 and 2007 to 1.2 per cent between 2007 and 2014. ILO, World

1. 工作后的想象

1. Weeks, Problem with Work, pp. 218–24, 175.

1. This is one aspect that distinguishes them from the concept of transitional demands' articulated by Trotsky. See Trott, Walking in the Right Direction?’ ; Leon Trotsky, The Transitional Program: Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International (London: Bolshevik Publications, 1999).

1. For an example of the former, see the Stakhanovite movement, or Lenin’ s comments on Taylorist management methods: The Russian is a bad worker compared with people in advanced countries …We must organise in Russia the study and teaching of the Taylor system and systematically try it out and adapt it to our own ends.' Vladimir Lenin, The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government' , 1918, Marxists Internet Archive, at marxists. org; Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). For a critique of the idea of freedom without abundance, see: [This development of productive forces …is an absolutely necessary practical premise, because without it privation, want, is merely made general’ . Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology (London: Prometheus, 1976), p. 54.

1. While we do not have the space to discuss them here, there are important ethical questions surrounding machines and work – particularly in the area of artificial intelligence. Such issues are bound to become more significant in the coming decades. For more, see Thomas Metzinger, The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self (New York: Basic Books, 2009); Illah Reza Nourbakhsh, Robot Futures (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013).

1. While ending work is a common theme of the left, the demand for full automation surprisingly finds few explicit expressions. See, for example, Eldridge Cleaver, On Lumpen Ideology' , The Black Scholar 4: 3 (1972); Valerie Solanas, S. C. U.M. Manifesto (Society for Cutting Up Men) (London: Verso, 2004), p. 3; J. Jesse Ramírez, Marcuse Among the Technocrats: America, Automation, and Postcapitalist Utopias, 1900–1941’ , American Stuies 57: 1 (2012). More recently, Aaron Bastani of NovaraMedia has made calls for a fully automated luxury communism’ and members of the Plan C collective have similarly called for luxury communism' -discussions which this book attempts to contribute to.