14410512

1. Tom Stafford,"WhyEmail Is Addictive (and What to Do About It),"Mindhacks, September 19, 2006, http://mindhacks.com/2006/09/19/why-email-is-addictive-and -what-to-do-about-it/.

1. Kate Stoodley,“Father of Spam Speaks Out on His Legacy," Datamation, November 19, 2004, http://www.datamation.com/article.php/3438651.

1. Jonathan A. Zdziarski, Ending Spam: Bayesian Content Filtering and the Art of Statistical LanguageClassification (San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2oo5), 5

1. Finn Brunton, Spam: A Shadow History of the Internet (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2o13), 33.

1. Gina Smith, "Unsung Innovators: Gary Thuerk, the Father of Spam," Computerworld, December 3,2007,http://www.computerworld.com/article/2539767/cybercrime-hacking /unsung-innovators—gary-thuerk—the-father-of-spam.html.

1. Gary Thuerk, "Anniversary," LinkedIn (blog), May 2o14, https://www.linkedin.com /in/fatherespam.

第15章 视频游戏进人千家万户

1.Ralph H. Baer, Videogames: In the Beginning (Springfield: Rolenta Press, 2oo5). For more of Baer's own words on his inspirations and influences, see his interview in Benj Edwards, The Right to Baer Games—An Interview with Ralph Baer,the Father of Video Games,http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/169o/the\_right\_to\_baer\_games\_ \_an\_.php?print=1.

1. Just a few months after Baer invented the Magnavox Odyssey, Bushnell founded Atari with Ted Dabney"with an initial investment of \$25o each." Steven L. Kent,The Ultimate History of Video Games: From Pong to Pokemon and Beyond . . . the Story Behind the Craze That Touched Our Lives and Changedthe World (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2oor).MattFox, The Video Games Guide: I,000 + Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962–2012 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013).

1. Mike Snider, Interview: 'Space Invaders' Creator Tomohiro Nishikado, May 6, 2009, http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gamehunters/post/2o09/o5/66479041/1# VroFTjYrLVo; Henry Allen, “Galaxy of Wars,"WashingtonPost, September 2, 198o, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/198o/o9/o2/galaxy-of-wars /ea315a08-a9af-41c9-9666-23od2acbc7e2/.

1. Martin Amis, Invasion of the Space Invaders(London: Hutchinson, 1982), 14;Glenn Collins,"Children's Video Games: Who Wins (or Loses)?," NewYork Times, August31,1981, http://www.nytimes.com/1981/o8/31/style/children-s-video-games -who-wins-or-loses.html.

1. Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, "The Pursuit of Happiness: Bringing the Science of Happiness to Life," accessed February8,2o16,http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/mihaly -csikszentmihalyi/.; Amis, Invasion ofthe SpaceInvaders, 2o; Mark O'Connell,"The ArcadesProject: MartinAmis' Guide to Classic Video Games,"The Millions, February 16,2012, http://www.themillions.com/2o12/o2/the-arcades-project-martin-amis -guide-to-classic-video-games.html.

1. Amis, Invasion of the Space Invaders, 56-57; Chris Morris,"Five Things YouNever Knew About Pac-Man,"CNBC, March 3, 2011, http://www.cnbc.com/id/41888o21; "TheMakingof Pac-Man,"Retro Gamer, January 27, 2o15, http://www.retrogamer .net/retro\_games8o/the-making-of-pac-man/; Jaz Rignall,"Top 1o Highest-Grossing Arcade Games of All Time," US Gamer, January 1, 2o16, http://www.usgamer.net /articles/top-1o-biggest-grossing-arcade-games-of-all-time.

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1. For these and more facts about Atari's success, see Jimmy Russell, 101 Amazing Atari 2600 Facts (Luton: Andrews UK Limited, 2o12). See also R. J. Lavallee, IMHO (In My Humble Opinion): A Guide to the Benefits and Dangers of Today's Communication Tools (Boston: bent spoonMultimedia,2009).

第16章第一批通信公司的生死之战

I. CompuServe,“Things to Do. People to See. Places to Go," Popular Science 235, no. 2 (1989) : 7; CompuServe, “He Was a Sales Force of One. Until He Got CompuServe. NowHe's a Sales Force to Be Reckoned With,"Popular Science 243, no. 3 (1993) : 17.

1. Alec Klein, Stealing Time: Steve Case, Jerry Levin, and the Collapse of AOL Time Warner(NewYork: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 10.

1. Robert D. Shapiro, "This Is Not Your Father's Prodigy," Wired, June I, 1993, http:// www.wired.com/1993/o6/prodigy/.

1. Ibid.

1. Kara Swisher, Aol.com: How Steve Case Beat Bill Gates, Nailed the Netheads, and Made Millions in the War for the Web (New York: Times Books, 1998), 89.

1. Ibid., 94.

1. Ibid.,97.

1. Keith Wagstaff, "AOL's Longest-Running Employee on the History of AOL Chat Rooms," Time, July 6,2012, http://techland.time.com/2012/07/o6/aols-longest -running-employee-on-the-history-of-aol-chat-rooms/.

1. Caitlin Dewey, "A Complete History of the Rise and Fall—and Reincarnation!—of the Beloved '9os Chatroom," Washington Post, October 30, 2014, https://www .washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2o14/1o/3o/a-complete-history-of-the -rise-and-fall-and-reincarnation-of-the-beloved-9os-chatroom/

10.EJ Dickson, “MyFirst Time with Cybersex,"The Kernel, October 5, 2014, http:// kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/headline-story/1o466/aol-instant-messenger -cybersex/.

1. Ibid.

1. Herbert N.Foerstel, From Watergate to Monicagate: Ten Controversies in Modern Journalism and Media (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 20o1), 226.

1. Walter S. Mossberg, "Prodigy Has Lots of Promise, but AOL May Be the Prodigy," Wall Street Journal, October 8, 1992, http://www.wsj.com/articles/ SB1004030142121986760.

1. Paul Farhi, “AOL Gets Its Message Out in 'Mail,” Washington Post, December 17,

1998, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/features/aolinmail.htm.

I5. Brian McCullough, “Those Free AOL CDs Were a Campaign for Web Domination. ItWorked,"Mashable, August 21, 2014, http://mashable.com/2014/08/21/aol-disc -marketing-jan-brandt/#XiWBGcICeaq3;Jan Brandt,"How Much Did It Cost AOL toDistribute All Those CDs Back in the 199os?,"Quora, December 27, 201o, https:// www.quora.com/How-much-did-it-cost-AOL-to-distribute-all-those-CDs-back-in -the-1990s.

1. Rob Tannenbaum and Craig Marks, I Want My MTV: The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution (New York: Penguin, 2o11), 140.

1. Klein, Stealing Time, 247.

1. Swisher, Aol.com, 280.

1. William Forbes, Behavioural Finance (West Sussex, UK: Wiley, 20o9), 158.

1. Klein, Stealing Time, at 167.

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1. Complaint, SEC v. Kelly, 817 F.Supp.2d 340 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (08Civ. 04612), 2008 WL 2149270, at \*2.

1. Steven Levy, "Dead Man Walking?," Newsweek, January 21, 1996, http://www .newsweek.com/dead-men-walking-176866.

第17章 名人产业链的建立

I. Edwin Diamond, “Why the Power Vacuum at Time Inc. Continues," New York, October 23, 1972.

1. Alan Brinkley, The Publisher (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2o1o); David L. Larsen, Telling the Old, Old Story: The Art of Narrative Preaching(Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1995).

1. Steve M. Barkin, American Television News: The Media Marketplace and the Public Interest (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003).

1. Edwin Diamond, "People Who Need People," New York, January 31, 1994.

1. David E. Sumner, The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900 (New York: Peter Lang, 2010).

1. Donald M. Wilson, The First 78 Years (Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation, 2o04).

1. Based on media kits visited in February 2016.

1. Ellis Cashmore, Celebrity Culture (New York: Routledge, 2006).

1. Karen Armstrong, Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence (New York: Knopf, 2014).

1. Chris Rojek, Celebrity (London: Reaktion Books, 2oo1). "Are Celebrities Bigger than Religion?” Stuff, last modified November 9, 2o09, http://www.stuff.co.nz /entertainment/celebrities/2851918/Are-celebrities-bigger-than-religion.

I. Donald Horton and Richard Wohl, "Mass Communication and Parasocial Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance," Psychiatry 19 (1956).

第18章 脱口秀模式

1. Roger Ebert,"How I Gave Oprah Winfrey Her Start," in Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007 (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2007),830.

1. It is then no surprise that it didn't take long for Oprah's local morning show to surpass Donahue in the ratings. Eventually, Oprah would become so popular that Donahue would relocate to New York and changehis time slot to avoid competing with Oprah's show. General information about Oprah draws from Kitty Kelley, Oprah: A Biography (New York:H. B. Productions, 2o1o), 1–8.

1. In 197o, the FCC adopted the Prime Time Access Rule, which was implemented during the 1971-1972 television season in order to increase the level of competition and diversity in programming. At the same time, the FCC adopted the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, which prohibited broadcast network ownership of syndication arms. Consequently, existing syndication divisions had to be spun off as new, independent companies. As a result of this regime, Oprah had the choice either to sell rights to her show to the ABC network, which would then sell it into syndication and keep the profits, or to run her show as a "first-run" syndicate with King World Productions, an independent syndicator of television programming. As mentioned, Oprah would choose the latter onadvice from Ebert.

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第19章 有剧本的真人秀

1. Ibid., 389.

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第五部分 内容王国

1. “EarthCam's Webcast of the Century Provides the Most Comprehensive Coverage of the Biggest Web Celebration in History—From Times Square and Around the World," EarthCam.com, December 2o, 1999, http://www.earthcam.com/press/pr -rel\_122099.htm.

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1. In fact, Microsoft's performance was so strong that company shares soared from \$2.375 per share to\$136.375 per share. For more information about Microsoft's performance in 1996, see Lawrence M. Fisher, “Microsoft Proves Even Stronger than Wall Street Had Expected,"NewYorkTimes, October 22, 1996, http://www.nytimes .com/1996/1o/22/business/microsoft-proves-even-stronger-than-wall-street-had -expected.html.

1. While the full text of the essayis no longer available on the Microsoft website, a copy of the text can be found as reproduced by Wayback Machine (Internet Archive) at Bill Gates,“Content Is King,” January 3, 1996, http://web.archive.org /web/2001012600520o/http://www.microsoft.com/billgates/columns/1996essay /essay960103.asp.

3.“Content Is King.”

4.The satellite campus, known as “Red West," ultimately shifted its focus back to developing “ubiquitous, utilitarian" products with the eventual failure of MSN. As a result, programmers would instead create practical “services”such as Expedia. See Amy Harmon, “More Geek, Less Chic; After aTryout at Microsoft, the HipGives Way to the Really Useful," New York Times, October 13, 1997, http://www.nytimes .com/1997/1o/13/business/more-geek-less-chic-after-tryout-microsoft-hip-gives-wayreally-useful.html?pagewanted=all. For an overview of Microsoft's efforts to develop multimedia-based products, see Denise Caruso, “Microsoft Morphs into a Media Company," Wired, June 1, 1996, http://www.wired.com/1996/o6/microsoft-6/.

5.Stephen Manes, "The New MSN as Prehistoric TV," February4, 1997, http://www .nytimes.com/1997/o2/o4/science/the-new-msn-as-prehistoric-tv.html. According to Harmon, Microsoft only had 2.3 million subscribers, which is minimal in light of the fact that MSN was already preinstalled on the millions of personal computers Microsoft sold.

1. Information about the partnership betweenMicrosoftand NBC can be found at Michael Dresser, "Microsoft, NBC to Offer News Joint Venture Plans 24-Hour News on Cable, On-lineInternet Service,"Baltimore Sun, December 15, 1995, http://articles .baltimoresun.com/1995-12-15/business/1995349021\_Imicrosoft-cable-nbc-executives; andMeganGarber,"TheRevolutionBeginsHere':MSNBC'sFirstBroadcast,July1996," The Atlantic, July 16, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/ the-revolution-begins-here-msnbcs-first-broadcast-july-1996/259855/.

1. Information about the first issue of Slate can be found at “Inaugural Issue of Slate, New Interactive Magazine from Microsoft and Editor Michael Kinsley, to Debut Online Today," MicrosoftNews Center, June 24, 1996, http://news.microsoft.com/ 1996/o6/24/inaugural-issue-of-slate-new-interactive-magazine-from-microsoft-and -editor-michael-kinsley-to-debut-online-today/.

1. General information about the growth and impact of Google comes from Steven Levy, In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (NewYork: Simon & Schuster, 201I), 94.

1. Battelle chronicles the success of Google in John Battelle, The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture (New York: Portfolio, 2005).

1o. The academic piece written by Brin and Page served as a presentation of Google as “a prototype of a large-scale search engine which makes heavy use of the structure present in hypertext." See Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page, “The Anatomy of a Large-

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第20章 内容为王时代的来临

Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine," paper presented at the Seventh International World-Wide Web Conference, Brisbane, Australia, April 14–18, 1998.

1. Battelle, The Search, III.

1. Dan Gillmor, “To Be an Online Company, First Throw Out Old Rules," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 24, 1997, 123.

1. For additional information about GoTo and general criticism of the model, see Laurie J. Flynn, "With Goto.com's Search Engine, the Highest Bidder Shall Be Ranked First,"New York Times,March 16, 1998, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/16/ business/with-gotocom-s-search-engine-the-highest-bidder-shall-be-ranked-first. html; "Rankings for Sale: Payola on the Information Highway? Or Payments for Good ShelfSpace?," From Now On: The Educational Technology Journal 1o (2oo1), http://www.fno.org/apro1/payola.html.

1. Brin and Page, "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine."

1. For a description of the term “"Googley," see Sara Kehaulani Goo, "Building a Googley' Workforce," Washington Post,October 21, 2006.

16.A more detailed description of Google's AdWords can be found at “How AdWords Works," Google Support, February 21, 2o16, https://support.google.com/adwords /answer/2497976?hl=en. For additional information about AdWords success, see Peter Coy, “The Secret to Google's Success,"Bloomberg Business, March 5, 2oo6; Steven Levy, "Secret of Googlenomics: Data-Fueled Recipe Brews Profitability," Wired, May 22, 2009.

1. Douglas Edwards, I'm Feeling Lucky: The Confessions of Google Employee Number 59 (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2o11), 190.

1. Levy, “In the Plex,” 94.

第21章 博客——普通人的狂欢

1. RebeccaMead, “You've Got Blog: How to Put Your Business, Your Boyfriend, and Your Life Online," The New Yorker, November 13, 200o, 102. Mead's story was published in the collection We've Got Blog: How Webblogs Are Changing Our Culture (New York:Basic Books, 2002).

1. See Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (New York: Penguin, 2oo8).

1. Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations, 55.

1. Jorn Barger, one of the early webloggers, first used the term to capture the concept of “"logging the web," or "collectinginterestingthingsfrom around the world and writing about them on the internet." See Ogi Djuraskovic, "Robot Wisdom and How Jorn Barger Invented Blogging,” firstsiteguide.com, March 20, 2015, http://firstsiteguide .com/robot-wisdom-and-jorn-barger/.

5.Rick Levine, Christopher Locke, Doc Searls, and David Weinberger, The Cluetrain Manifesto: The Endof Business as Usual (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2ooo), 76. The book was originally published on the web in March 1999.

6.David Weinberger, "What Blogging Was," Joho the Blog, January 8, 2014, http://www .hyperorg.com/blogger/2o14/o1/o8/what-blogging-was/.

1. Erin Venema developed the word “escribitionist” in 1999 to distinguish between web journal authors and those who kept their diaries on paper. See www.escribitionist.org, a webpage containing a copy of the email in which Venema first used the word.

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第22章 主流媒体陷落，点击诱饵崛起

1. For a personal recounting of Peretti's challenge to Nike's corporate image, "the ensuing emailcorrespondencewithNike [that] became a global anti-sweatshop event, which made national news in large consuming societies,"and the global impact,see Jonah Peretti, "The NikeSweatshop Email: Political Consumerism, Internet, and Culture Jamming," in Politics, Products, and Markets: ExploringPolitical Consumerism Past and Present, ed. Michele Micheletti (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publish ers, 20o6), 13o-31. For the entire chain of emails exchanged between Peretti and Nike, circulating since January 2ool, see"Jonah Peretti's Nike 'Sweatshop' Email,"About .com,accessedFebruary 19,2o16, http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/blnike.htm.

2.These quotes from Peretti were drawn from an interview byTimWu. April 4, 2o12. Approximately"11.4 million people received the NikeSweatshopEmail"and"over a three-month period, [Peretti] received3,65s inquiries." Peretti, Politics, Products, and Markets, 132. To read more about how the email spread so quickly and to read some of the inquiries Peretti received, see Peretti, "The Nike Sweatshop Email,"in Politics, Products, and Markets.

1. Nicola Bednarek, ed., Fresh Dialogue 8: Designing Audiences/New Voices in Graphic Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2oo8); Greg Holden, Internet Babylon: Secrets, Scandals, and Shocks on the Information Superhighway(NewYork: APress Media, 2oo4). To learn about Duncan Watts's theories, see Duncan J. Watts, Six Degrees: The Science of a ConnectedAge (New York:W. W. Norton, 2o04).

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1. "forget-me-not-panties," Panchira Corp., 2o05, http://www.forgetmenotpanties .com/. "The forget-me-not-panty site won for getting the most unique users, some 615,ooo in the three weeks. Over the competition,it pulled in many times that, more than 2o million total visitors." Heidi Dawley, "Alas, at Last, the forget-me-not-panty," Media LifeMagazine,December 5, 2oo5, http://www.medialifemagazine.com/alas -at-last-the-forget-me-not-panty/. To read more about the Eyebeam workshops, see "ContagiousMedia Showdown—Workshops,"Eyebeam, http://eyebeam.org/events /contagious-media-showdown-workshops. See also“Unfair Results at Contagious Media Showdown?,"Google Blogoscoped, May 21, 20o5, http://blogoscoped.com /archive/2005-05-21-n39.html

1. To read all twenty-three points, see Jonah Peretti, “Notes on Contagious Media, 160-61, http://www.cultura.gov.br/documents/10877/35301/9-peretti.pdf/684f6ada -4479-4bed-a3ao-f434837fze6b. Joe Karaganis, Structures ofParticipation in Digital Culture (New York:Social Science Research Council, 2oo7). Felix Salmon, "BuzzFeed's Jonah Peretti Goes Long: The Media Mogul (Twice Over) on Being Both Contagious and Sticky,"A Media Corporation, https://medium.com/matter /buzzfeeds-jonah-peretti-goes-long-e98cfi316oe7#.sjme15uss.

1. For the full LA Weekly critique of The Huffington Post, see Nikki Finke, "Celebs to the Slaughter,"LA Weekly, May 12, 2005, http://www.laweekly.com/news/celebs-to -the-slaughter-2139949. For other highlights from early critiques, see Liz C. Barrett, "Top 5UNENTHUSIASTIC HuffPoReviews of20o5," Columbia Journalism Review,May10, 2o1o, http://www.cjr.org/behind\_the\_news/top\_5\_unenthusiastic \_huffpo\_re.php. RichardA. Gershon, Digital Media and Innovation: Management and Design Strategies inCommunication (Los Angeles:SAGE Publications, 2o16). The editors of TheHuffingtonPost, TheHuffingtonPost Complete Guide to Blogging (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2oo8).Kerric Harvey, ed., Encyclopedia of Social Media and Politics (Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2013).

1. Bill Gueskin, AvaSeave, and Lucas Graves, “Chapter Six: Aggregation,"ColumbiaJournalism Review, May 10, 2o11, http://www.cjr.org/the\_businessof\_digital journalism/chapter\_six\_aggregation.php. For additional statistics onand details about The Huffington Post'sgrowth, see Michael Shapiro, "Six Degrees of Aggregation: How The Huffington Post Ate the Internet,"Columbia Journalism Review, June 2012, http://www.cjr.org/cover\_story/six\_degrees\_of\_aggregation.php

1. As quoted in Joseph Turow, The Daily You (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2o1), 117. Nate Silver,"The Economics of Blogging and The Huffington Post,"New York Times, February 12, 2011, http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2o11/02/12/the -economics-of-blogging-and-the-huffington-post/; BillKeller, "Allthe Aggregation That's Fit to Aggregate," New York Times Magazine, March 10, 2o11, http://www.nytimes .com/2o1/o3/13/magazine/mag-13lede-t.html?\_r=0; Mike Friedrichsen and Wolfgang Muhl-Benninghaus, eds., Handbook of Social Media Management: Value Chain and Business Models in ChangingMedia Markets (New York: Springer Heidelberg, 2013).

1. Keith J.Kelly, "Huffington Post Turns 1o—but Its Profits Are Still a Mystery," New York Post, May 5, 2o1; "AOL Agrees to Acquire The Huffington Post," Huffington Post, February 7,2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2o11/o2/o7/aol-huffington-post \_n\_819375.html.

1. Doree Shafrir, "The Truth About Perez Hilton's Traffic," Gawker, July 10, 2007, http://gawker.com/276369/the-truth-about-perez-hiltons-traffic.

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