优步：算法重新定义工作

Corporation and Advanced Information Technology,” Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal 34, no. 1 (2016): 8; Calo and Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy.”

62.Sharon Terlep, “Millennials as Seen by Corporate America,” Wall street Journal,2017,https://graphics.wsj.com/glider/millennials-c671d444– 6267– 4e9bba6b-384a5b2fdb03.

63.有时候人们会用“自恋”来形容新世纪的女性，这其实是一种对那些有强烈自我主张女性的一种贬低性的说法。

64.参见Alison J. Pugh, The Tumbleweed Society (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2015)。

65.对于工薪阶层成年人是如何将这些想法和概念融入自己的职业和人生规划中的民族志学研究，可参阅M. Silva, Coming Up Short:WorkingClass Adulthood in an Age of Uncertainty (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2013), particularly pp. 29–31。

66.Jia Tolentino, “The Gig Economy Celebrates Working Yourself to Death,”New Yorker, March 22, 2017, www.newyorker.com/culture/jiatolentino/the-gig-economy-celebrates-working-yourself-to-death.

67.Elizabeth Wissinger, “Glamor Labour in the Age of Kardashian,” Critical Studies in Fashion and Beauty 7, no. 2 (December 2016): 141–152, www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/intellect/csfb/2016/00000007/00000002

68.International Finance Corporation–World Bank, “Driving toward Equality:Women, Ride-Hailing, and the Sharing Economy,” March 1, 2018, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/856531520948298389/Drivingtow equality-women-ride-hailing-and-the-sharing-economy.

69.Kaleigh Rogers, “Love in the Time of Ridesharing,” Motherboard, May 27, 2016, https://motherboard.vice.com/en\_us/article/yp33yg/love-in-the time-of-ridesharing-uber-lyft-romance-technology.

70.Lobel, “The Law of the Platform;” Calo and Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy.”

71.Tressie McMillan Cottom, “Credentials, Jobs and the New Economy,” Inside Higher Ed, March 2, 2017, www.insidehighered.com/views/2017/03/02/impact-new-economy-profitcolleges-and-their-students-essay.

72.Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark,“Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers,” International Journal of Communication 10, no. 27 (2016): 3762, http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4892.

73.此处以及本书不同地方所引用的我的部分田野调查结果，也用在了一项合作研究项目及相关的出版物中，参阅Alexandra Mateescu,Alex Rosenblatt, and Julia Ticona, “Mapping Inequalities in the On-DemandEconomy” （未发表的白皮书，New York: Data & Society ResearchInstitute,January 31, 2018）。

74.哈里·坎贝尔运营着一个备受欢迎且信息量巨大的针对网约车司机的博客The Rideshare Guy，在这篇2017年1月11日发表的文章中总结了网约车司机所承担的隐性成本。“The Hidden Costs of RideshareDriving,” The Ridesbare Guy, January,11,2017, http://therideshareguy.com/the-hidden-costs-of-rideshare-driving-infographic/.

75.Caroline O’Donavan, “Here’s How Much Uber Drivers Make, According to a New Uber Report,” BuzzFeed News, November 21, 2016, www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/heres-how-much-uber-driversmakeaccording-to-a- new-uber-rep.

76.Alison Griswold, “MIT’s Uber Study Couldn’t Possibly Have Been Right:It Was Still Important,” Quartz, March 7, 2018, https://qz.com/1222744/mits-uber-study-couldnt-possibly-have-been-right-itwas-still-important/.77. Caroline O’Donavan, “No, Uber Drivers Are Probably Not Earning Only\$3.37 an Hour,” BuzzFeed News, March 6, 2018, www.buzzfeed. com/carolineodonovan/uber-driver-earnings-research-mitdarakhosrowshahi?utm\_ term=.qdW0E4MJmZ#.glqNagnyYm.

第二章开车的动力：优步如何区别对待专职和兼职司机

1.2017年12月9日来福车与我的电子邮件往来。

2.2018年3月5日和5月29日优步与我的电子邮件往来。

3.Cody Cook, Rebecca Diamond, Jonathan Hall, John A. List, and Paul Oyer. “The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from over a Million Rideshare Drivers,” January 2018, 9, https://web.stanford.edu/\~diamondr/UberPayGap.pdf, p. 9; Alexandra Mateescu, Alex Rosenblat, and Julia Ticona, “Mapping Inequalities in the On-Demand Economy” （未发表的白皮书，New York: Data & Society Research Institute, January 31, 2018）.

4.本书中包含从以下文章中摘录的内容：Alex Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers,” Harvard Business Review, November 17, 2016,https://hbr.org/2016/11/what-motivates-gig-economy-workers. 摘录内

容出现在本书不同的章节中。

5.Jonathan V. Hall and Alan B. Krueger, “An Analysis of the Labor Market for Uber’s Driver-Partners in the United States,” January 22, 2015, https://s3.amazonaws.com/uber-static/comms/PDF/Uber\_Driver-

Partners\_Hall\_Kreuger\_2015.pdf. 同样，在对哈里·坎贝尔备受读者欢迎的关于网约车司机博客的453名订阅用户调查后发现，每周工作时间少于或等于20小时的优步司机（受访者中有近一半人属于此类）占了优步总服务和工作时间的24%，而少数（14%占比）全职司机（每周工作时间大于40小时）则提供了优步服务总量的31%。

6.Lyft, “National Data,” 2018 Economic Impact Report, https://take.lyft.com/economic-impact/.

7.James Manyika, Susan Lund, Jacques Bughin, Kelsey Robinson, Jan Mischke, and Deepa Mahajan, “Independent Work: Choice, Necessity, and the Gig Economy,” McKinsey & Company, October 2016, www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/independentwork-choicenecessity- and-the-gig-economy.

8.Diana Farrell and Fiona Greig, “The Online Platform Economy: Has Growth Peaked?” JP Morgan Chase, November 2016, www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/institute/document/jpmc-institute-onlineplatform-econ-brief.pdf; Lyft, “New York City,” 2018 Economic Impact Report, https://take.lyft.com/economic-impact/; Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

9.Lyft, “National Data,” 2018 Economic Impact Report, https://take.lyft.com/economic-impact/.

10.Sachin Kansal, “Another Step to Prevent Drowsy Driving,” Uber

Newsroom, February 12, 2018, www.uber.com/newsroom/drowsydriving/.

11.优步政策团队于2018年2月13日与我的电子邮件往来。

12.Office of the Mayor, For-Hire Vehicle Transportation Study (New York:Office of the Mayor, January 2016), 9, www1.nyc.gov/assets/operations/downloads/pdf/For-Hire-Vehicle-Transportation-Study.pdf.

13.Lyft, “New York City,” 2018 Economic Impact Report, https://take.lyft.com/economic-impact/.

14.Noah Zatz, “Is Uber Wagging the Dog with Its Moonlighting Drivers?”On Labor,February 1, 2016, https://onlabor.org/is-uber-waggingthe-dogwith- its-moonlighting-drivers/; Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

15.Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

16.David Gutman, “Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Seeking to Block Seattle Law Allowing Uber and Lyft Drivers to Unionize,” Seattle Times, August 1,2017, www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/judgedismisseslawsuit-seeking-to-block-seattle-law-allowing-uber-and-lyftdrivers-tounionize/.

17.Seattle.gov, “For-Hire Driver Collective Bargaining,” n.d., www.seattle. gov/business-regulations/taxis-for-hires-and-tncs/for-hiredriver-collectivebargaining.

18.Lindsey D. Cameron, “Making Out While Driving: Control, Coordination,and Its Consequences for Algorithmic Labor” (PhD diss., Stephen M. Ross School of Business, 2018).

19.Aaron Smith, “Gig Work, Online Selling and Home Sharing,” Pew Research Center, November 17, 2016, www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/17/gigworkonline-selling-and-home-sharing/.

20.Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers”; Smith, “Gig Work,Online Selling.”

21.Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

22.JP Morgan Chase, “Paychecks, Paydays, and the Online Platform Economy Big Data on Income Volatility,” February 2016, www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/institute/report-paychecks-paydays-andthe-online-platformeconomy.htm.

23.Hall and Krueger, “Analysis of the Labor Market,” 16.

24.Hall and Krueger, “Analysis of the Labor Market,” 16.

25.继父母逸闻来自Alison Pugh, The Tumbleweed Society: Working and Caring in an Age of Insecurity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015),184.

26.Alex Rosenblat, “The Truth about How Uber’s App Manages Drivers,”Harvard Business Review, April 6, 2016, hbr.org/2016/04/the-truthabouthow- ubers-app-manages-drivers.

27.Douglas MacMillan and Deepa Seetharaman,“Uber Eases Screening Rules in California,” Wall Street Journal, January 13, 2016, www.wsj.com/articles/uber-eases-screening-rules-in-california-1452668401.

28.这则采访和相关文字描述节选自Alexandra Mateescu, Alex Rosenblat and Julia Ticona,“Mapping Inequalities in the On-Demand

Economy”(working paper, New York: Data & Society Research Institute, March 2018).

29.U.S. Federal Trade Commission, “Uber Agrees to Pay \$20 Million to Settle FTC Charges That It Recruited Prospective Drivers with Exaggerated Earnings Claims,” January 19, 2017, www.ftc.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/2017/01/uber-agrees-pay-20-million-settle-ftc-chargesitrecruited.

30.Caroline O’Donovan and Jeremy Singer-Vine, “How Much Uber Drivers Actually Make per Hour,” BuzzFeed News, June 22, 2016, www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/internal-uber-driver-pay-numbers.

31.Lawrence Mishel, “Uber and the Labor Market: Uber Drivers’ Compensation, Wages, and the Scale of Uber and the Gig Economy,” Economic Policy Institute, May 15, 2018, www.epi.org/publication/uber-andthelabor-market-uber-drivers-compensation-wages-and-the-scale-of-uber and-the-gig-economy/

32.Kate Conger, “In Letter, Uber Said Drivers Didn’t Make Advertised Earnings due to Their ‘Choices.’” Gizmodo, December 21, 2017,https://gizmodo.com/in-letter-uber-said-drivers-didnt-makeadvertisedearn-1820928444.

33.关于工作环境中的监控问题的进一步研究，以及这一情况与卡车运输行业中的独立司机工作之间的交集问题，请参阅Karen Levy,“The Automation of Compliance: Techno-Legal Regulation in the UnitedStates Trucking Industry” (unpublished manuscript, 2014).

34.David C. Shonka and Katherine Worthman, “Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief,” Federal Trade

Commission v.Uber Technologies, Case 3:17-cv-00261, Filed 1/19/17, United States District Court for the Northeastern District of California, p. 7, www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1523082ubercmplt.pdf.

35.Katie Wells, Kafui Attoh, and Declan Cullen, “The Work Lives of Uber Drivers: Worse Than You Think,” Working-Class Perspectives, July 10,2017, https://workingclassstudies.wordpress.com/2017/07/10/theworklives-of-uber-drivers-worse-than-you-think/; Alison Griswold, “Inside Uber’s Unsettling Alliance with Some of New York’s Shadiest Car Dealers, , Quartz, June 27, 2017, https://qz.com/1013882/ubers-rentaland-leaseprograms-with-new-york-car-dealers-push-drivers-towardshady-subprimecontracts/.

36.Griswold, “Inside Uber’s Unsettling Alliance.”

37.See, e.g., ibid.

38.Michael Lazar, “The Average American Auto Payment Is...,” Huffington Post, December 6, 2017, www.huffingtonpost.com/michaellazar/the average-american-auto\_b\_9405176.html.

39.Lauren Day, “Uber Driver Says Driving Isn’t Worth It,” KMIR, July 19, 2017,www.kmir.com/story/35926469/uber-driver-says-driving-isntworth-it.

40.Griswold, “Inside Uber’s Unsettling Alliance.”

41.Wells, Attoh, and Cullen, “The Work Lives of Uber Drivers.”

42.Alex Rosenblat, “How Uber’s Alliance with Montréal Drivers Turns Labo[u]r’s Tactics On Its Head,” Uber Screeds, August 4, 2016, https://medium.com/uber-screeds/how-ubers-alliance-with-

montr%C3%A9aldrivers-turns- labo-u-r-s-tactics-on-its-head-af490b252dae.

43.Alex Rosenblat, “Is Your Uber/Lyft Driver in Stealth Mode?” Uber Screeds,July 19, 2016, https://medium.com/uber-screeds/is-your-uber-driverinhiding-484696894139.

44.Mike Isaac, “Uber’s C.E.O. Plays with Fire,” New York Times, April 23,2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/04/23/technology/travis-kalanickpushesuber- and-himself-to-the-precipice.html; Ali Griswold,“Oversharing: Waymo Hits Uber Where It Hurts, Instacart Talks Cash-Flow,and Airbnb Dorm Rooms,” Quartz, April 25, 2017.

45.Cook et al., “The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy,” 9.

46.Harry Campbell, “Why Driving for a Car Service Is a Great Side Gig,”The Points Guy, July 1, 2017, https://thepointsguy.com/2017/07/drivingcar- service-uber-lyft/.

第三章兜售科技：优步如何为大众提供创业机会

1.Uber, “Vehicle Requirements Boston,” n.d., www.uber.com/bostondrivers/requirements/vehicle-requirements/.

2.Alex Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers,” Harvard Business Review, November 17, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/11/whatmotivates- gig-economy-workers.

3.Ilana Gershon, “The Quitting Economy,” Aeon, July 26, 2017, https://aeon.co/essays/how-work-changed-to-make-us-all-passionate-quitters.

5.这一例子来自Carrie M. Lane, A Company of One: Insecurity, Independence,and the New World of White-Collar Unemployment 中对工作 内容的描述(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011), 3.

6.Alex Rosenblat, “Uber’s Drive-By Politics,” Motherboard, May 27, 2016,https://motherboard.vice.com/en\_us/article/gv5jaw/uber-lyft-austindriveby-politics.

11.Molly McHugh, “Brake for Bathroom Breaks,” The Ringer, November 21,2016, https://theringer.com/brake-for-bathroom-breaksf65cf6d68aad.