优步：算法重新定义工作

12.从理论上来讲，博客写手骗过系统的一个办法是积累大量的司机用户然后宣布他们都应该选择竞争平台的服务，这样就可以再收割一轮转介绍码的收入。但是，我很少从这些司机用户的口中听到有哪个博客写手有这方面的嫌疑。

13.Chris Siron, “Uber Drivers Continue Strike While Awaiting Decision from Company,” Dallas News, September 2015, www.dallasnews.com/news/transportation/2015/09/18/dozens-of-uber-dallasdrivers-protesttransportation-companys-west-end-offices.

14.在2017年4月，UberBlack司机赚取的车费包括起步基本费7美元，加上每分钟0.35美元，每英里3.45美元的费率。UberX司机的车费包括起步基本费1美元，以及每分钟0.10美元，每英里0.85美元的费率。

15.优步具体规定了哪种车型在哪个城市可以从事哪种级别的服务。例如，丰田凯美瑞、普锐斯和其他基本款的四门轿车，只要是2002年之后的新车型就可以从事UberX。同样的车型如果除司机以外可以乘坐六名乘客的话，就可以从事UberXL。通常情况下UberX是优步提供的最为廉价的一级服务，费率也最低，而优步的豪华专车服务，例如UberBlack和UberSelect则有着更高的门槛。想要满足这些要求，司机必须拥有一款有黑色内饰的四门豪华轿车，例如林肯Town Car、路虎或奥迪A3，并且车辆要够新，例如2013年或更新款的才行。这些标准在不同的城市和地区也会有所不同。

16.参阅纽约市Uber X和UberBlack服务对车型的不同要求。

17.Paolo Verme, “Facts vs. Perception: Understanding Inequality in Egypt,” blog post,The World Bank, January 24, 2013, http://blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/facts-vs-perceptions-understandinginequality-egypt; John Cassidy,“Does Tackling Inequality Reduce Growth? No,” New Yorker, February 26,2014,www.newyorker.com/news/johncassidy/does-tackling-inequalityreduce-growth-no; Christian R. Proaño, “A Paradigm Change at the IMF?”Group for Study and Research on Globalizations, December 1, 2016,www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40678&lan=EN.

18.感谢Sara Al-Nashar, Amr El-Mougy 和 Nora EnCharge对此话题的热烈讨论。

19.宏观与微观经济的逻辑冲突的不同感受体现在公共服务被私营化以后。当一家私人机构接手一个公共机构后为了减少冗员提高效率，就会造成雇员失业，但总体来说这些经营活动的影响会带来更多的就业机会。

20.Julia Ticona and Alexandra Mateescu, “Trusted Strangers,” Reshaping Work in the Platform Economy, October 4, 2017, www.reshapingwork.com/blog8/2017/10/4/trusted-strangers-boundary-work-in-domesticworkplatforms- in-the-on-demand-economy.

21.Mike Isaac, “Uber’s C.E.O. Plays with Fire,” New York Times, April 23,2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/04/23/technology/travis-kalanickpushesuber-and-himself-to-the-precipice.html.

22.其他研究者也在司机身上发现了类似的猜测，Mareike Glöss, Moira McGregor, and Barry Brown, “Designing for Labour: Uber and the OnDemand Mobile Workforce” (paper presented at the ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, CA, 2016), 6, www.mobilelifecentre.org/sites/default/files/uber%20 final%20camera%20ready.pdf。

23.Rosanna Smart, Brad Rowe, Angela Hawken, Mark Kleiman, Nate Mladenovic, Peter Gehred, and Clarissa Manning, Faster and Cheaper: How

Ride-Sourcing Fills a Gap in Low-Income Los Angeles Neighborhoods (Los Angeles: BOTEC Analysis Corporation, July 2015), http://botecanalysis.com/wp- content/uploads/2015/07/LATS-Final-Report.pdf.

24.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3762.

25.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3762。

26.Harry Campbell, “How to Take Advantage of Uber’s New Acceptance Rate Policy,” The Rideshare Guy, August 5, 2016, http://therideshareguy.com/how-to-take-advantage-of-ubers-new-acceptancerate-policy/.

27.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3762.

28.Benjamin Sachs, “Uber’s Passenger Acceptance Rules: More Evidence of Employee Status,” On Labor, July 14, 2017, https://onlabor.org/uberspassenger-acceptance-rules-more-evidence-ofemployee-status.

29.Mike Isaac, “How Uber Deceives the Authorities Worldwide,” New York Times, March 3, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/technology/ubergreyball-program-evadeauthorities.html.

30.Alex Rosenblat, “Uber’s Phantom Cabs,” Motherboard, July 27, 2015,https://motherboard.vice.com/en\_us/article/mgbz5a/ubers-phantomcabs.

31.Liat Clark, “Uber Denies Researchers’ ‘Phantom Cars’ Map Claim, Wired,”July 28, 2015, www.wired.co.uk/article/uber-cars-always-in-real-

time.

32.“Uber CEO Kalanick Argues with Driver over Falling Fares,” YouTube,February 28, 2017, www.youtube.com/wactch?v=gTyEDoY CkNlqns; Eric Newcomer, “In Video, Uber CEO Argues with Driver over Falling Fares,” February 28, 2017, Bloomberg Technology, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017–02–28/in-video-uber-ceo-argueswithdriver-over-falling-fares.

33.卡兰尼克被媒体炮轰似乎呼应了人们对这家公司形象被夸大的批判情绪，这让我想起来 Emmett Penny一篇关于“色情文学”的文章。Emmett Penny, “Lectureporn: The Vulgar Art of Liberal Narcissism,”Paste,June 26, 2017, www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/06/lectureporn-thevulgar-art-of-liberal-narcissism.html.

34.Johana Bhuiyan, “A New Video Shows Uber CEO Travis Kalanick arguing with a Driver over Fares,” ReCode, February 28, 2017, www.recode.net/2017/2/28/14766964/video-uber-travis-kalanick-driverargument.

35.Julia Carrie Wong, “Uber CEO Travis Kalanick Resigns Following Months of Chaos,” The Guardian, June 21, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/20/uber-ceo-travis-kalanickresigns.

36.Rosenblat, “What Motivates Gig Economy Workers.”

第四章暗处的中间商：优步是如何管钱的

1.Alex Rosenblat, “How Can Wage Theft Emerge in App-Mediated

Work?”The Rideshare Guy, August 10, 2016, therideshareguy.com/how-canwagetheft-emerge-in-app-mediated-work/.

2.Eric Newcomer, “Uber Starts Charging What It Thinks You’re Willing to Pay,” Bloomberg Technology, May 19, 2017, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017–05–19/uber-s-future-may-rely-onpredicting-how-muchyou-re-willing- to-pay/.

3.Kashmir Hill, “How Facebook Figures Out Everyone You’ve Ever Met,”Gizmodo, November 7, 2017, https://gizmodo.com/how-facebookfiguresout- everyone-youve-ever-met-1819822691.

4.Tarleton Gillespie, “Can an Algorithm Be Wrong?” Limn, no. 2 (2012),https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jk9k4hj; see, e.g., Tarleton Gillespie, “The Politics of ‘Platforms’”， New Media & Society 12, no. 3 (2010): 347– 364,http://hdl. handle.net/1813/12774.

5.Siva Vaidhyanathan, The Googlization of Everything (Hangzhou, China:Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 2014), 62; danah boyd and Kate Crawford,“Critical Questions for Big Data,” Information, Communications & Society 15, no. (March 20, 2012): 662–679, www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13691 18X.2012.678878; Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy(New York: Crown, 2016); Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2015).

6.Alexis C. Madrigal, “The False Dream of a Neutral Facebook,” The Atlantic,September 28, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/09/the-false-dream-of-aneutral-facebook/541404/.

7.Julia Angwin and Surya Mattu, “Amazon Says It Puts Customers First; But Its Pricing Algorithm Doesn’t,” ProPublica, September 20, 2016, www.propublica.org/article/amazon-says-it-puts-customers-first-but-itspricingalgorithm-doesnt.

8.Aniko Hannak, Gary Soeller, David Lazer, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson, “Measuring Price Discrimination and Steering on E-Commerce Web Sites,” Proceedings of the 2014 Internet Measurement Conference(New York: ACM, 2014): 305–318, https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2663744.

9.Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Jeremy Singer-Vine, and Ashkan Soltani,“Websites Vary Prices, Deals Based on Users’ Information,” Wall Street Journal, December 24, 2012, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323777204

578189391813881534; Julia Angwin and Jeff Larson, “The Tiger Mom Tax: Asians Are Nearly Twice as Likely to Get a Higher Price from Princeton Review,” ProPublica, September 1,2015, www.propublica.org/article/asiansnearly-twice-as-likely-to-gethigher-price-from-princeton-review.

10.Dana Mattioli, “On Orbitz, Mac Users Steered to Pricier Hotels,” Wall Street Journal, August 23, 2012, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304458 604577488822667325882.

11.Uber Team, “Uber’s New CEO,” UBER Newsroom, August 29, 2017,https://newsroom.uber.com/ubers-new-ceo/.

12.Sarah Buhr, “Uber Appoints Former Orbitz CEO Barney Harford as Chief Operating Officer,” Tech Crunch, December 20, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/20/uber-appoints-former-orbitz-ceo-as-chiefoperatingofficer/.

13.E. H., “How Might Your Choice of Browser Affect Your Job Prospects?”The Economist, April 11, 2013, www.economist.com/blogs/economistexplains/2013/04/economist-explainshow-browser-affects-jobprospects; 参阅 Alex Rosen- blat, Kate Wikelius, danah boyd, Seeta Peña Gangadharan, and Corrine Yu, “Data& Civil Rights: Employment Primer, ”Data & Society Research Institute, October 30, 2014, www.datacivilrights.org/pubs/2014–1030/Employment.pdf.

17.Safiya Umoja Noble, “Google Equates Black Girls with Sex; Why?” The Root, March 13, 2013, www.theroot.com/google-equates-black-girlswithsex- why-1790895563.

18.Hans Rollman, “Don’t Google It! How Search Engines Reinforce Racism,”popMatters, January 30, 2018, www.popmatters.com/algorithmsoppressionsafiya-umoja-noble-2529677349.html.

19.Alex Rosenblat, Karen E. C. Levy, Solon Barocas, and Tim Hwang,“Discriminating Tastes: Uber’s Customer Ratings as Vehicles for Workplace Discrimination,” Policy & Internet 9 (2017): 256–279, doi:10.1002/poi3.153.

20.Robinson Meyer, “Everything We Know about Facebook’s Secret Mood Manipulation Experiment,” The Atlantic, June 28, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/everything-we-knowabout-facebookssecret- mood-manipulation-experiment/373648/.

22.Olivia Solon, “Russia-Backed Facebook Posts ‘Reached 126m Americans’during US Election,” The Guardian, October 30, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/30/facebook-russia-fakeaccounts-126-million.

24.Rasier, LLC, “TECHNOLOGY SERVICES AGREEMENT,” https://s3.amazon- aws.com/uber-regulatorydocuments/country/united\_states/RASI ER+Technology+Services+Agreement+Decmeber+10+2015.pdf.

25.Josh Constine, “Now Some Ubers Will Only Wait 2 Minutes before

Charging You, Not 5,” TecbCruncb, April 26, 2016, https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/26/no-you-cant-go-to-the-bathroom-first/.

26.Michael Tee与Harry Campbell的对话, “RSG035: Michael Tee on Launching the App Rideshare Timer,” The Rideshare Guy, February 29, 2016,https://therideshareguy.com/rsg035-michael-tee-on-launching-theapprideshare-timer/.

27.Christian Perea, “Uber’s Upfront Pricing Is Secretly Overcharging Passengers without Paying Drivers,” The Rideshare Guy, September 26, 2016, https://therideshareguy.com/ubers-upfront-pricing-issecretlyovercharging-passengers-without-paying-drivers/.

28.Alison Griswold, “How to Tell When Uber Is Overcharging You,” Quartz,April 5, 2017, https://qz.com/948785/how-to-tell-when-ubersupfrontpricing-is-overcharging-you/.

29.Alison Griswold, “How to Tell When Uber Is Overcharging You,” Quartz,April 5, 2017, https://qz.com/948785/how-to-tell-when-ubersupfrontpricing-is-overcharging-you/.

30.Alison Griswold, “How to Tell When Uber Is Overcharging You,” Quartz,April 5, 2017, https://qz.com/948785/how-to-tell-when-ubersupfrontpricing-is-overcharging-you/.

31.Sophano Van v. Raiser, LLC, United States District Court Central District of California, Case No. 2:17-cv-02550-DMB-JEM, p. 15,https://arstechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/uberresponsecheatin gsoftwaresuitseptember14.pdf; David Kravets, “Uber: We Don’t Have to Pay Drivers Based on Rider Fares,” Ars Technica, September 18, 2017,https://arstechnica.com/tech- policy/2017/09/uber-driver-pay-plan-putsasignificant-risk-on-ride-hailing- service/.

32.Alex Rosenblat, “The Truth about How Uber’s App Manages Drivers,”Harvard Business Review, April 6, 2016, hbr.org/2016/04/the-truthabouthow- ubers-app-manages-drivers.

33.Douglas O’Connor, Thomas Colopy, Matthew Manahan, and Elie Gurfinkel vs. Uber Technologies, Inc., no. C 13–3826 EMC, “Transcript of Proceedings,” p. 59, U.S. District Court, Northern California: January 30, 2015, http://uberlawsuit.com/Uber%20-%20Transcript%20of%20 hearing%20on%20summary%20judgment%20-%201–30–15.pdf.

34.Alex Rosenblat, “How Can Wage Theft Emerge in App-Mediated Work?”The Rideshare Guy, August 10, 2016, https://therideshareguy.com/howcan-wage-theft-emerge-in-app-mediatedwork/.

35.Julia Carrie Wong, “Uber Admits Underpaying New York City Drivers by Millions of Dollars,” The Guardian, May 23, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/uber-underpaid-driversnew-york-city.

36.Liat Clark, “Uber Denies Researchers ‘Phantom Cars’ Map Claim,” Wired,July 28, 2015, para. 6, www.wired.co.uk/article/uber-cars-always-inrealtime; Tim Hwang and M. C. Elish, “The Mirage of the Marketplace,”Slate, July 27, 2015, www.slate.com/articles/technology/future\_tense/2015/07/uber\_s\_algorithm\_a Alex Rosenblat and Luke Stark, “Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers,” International Journal of Communication 10, no. 27 (2016): 3768, http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4892.