优步：算法重新定义工作

37.Le Chen, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson, “Peeking beneath theHood of Uber,” 发表于2015年10月28日到30日在东京举办的InternetMeasurement Conference会议议程。 (New York: ACM, 2015), 1,https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2815681.

38.Le Chen, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson, “Peeking beneath theHood of Uber,” 发表于2015年10月28日到30日在东京举办的InternetMeasurement Conference会议议程。 (New York: ACM, 2015), 1,https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2815681.

39.例如，当一名乘客打开软件时，优步的技术系统应该能定位乘客的所在位置，并自动将这名乘客没定在网络中的一个服务器上；这一地区没有一名乘客理应享受同样的价格和费率。然而，系统却并非是无缝运行的：在同一地区的用户可能会是通过两个距离很远的服务器来分别处理数据。由于没有固定在一个服务器上，因此溢价政策也是基于来自不同服务器的请求来计算的。如果两者没有无缝同步，结果就会导致同一地区的不同用户所享受的价格也不同。参阅本章注释1\~3.

40.节选自 Ryan Calo and Alex Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy: Uber, Information, and Power,” Columbia Law Review 117, no. 6 (2017), http://columbia lawreview.org/content/the-taking-economy-uber-informationand-power/.

42.本部分部分摘录自 Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,”3770–3771.

43.Angèle Christin, “Algorithms in Practice: Comparing Web Journalism and Criminal Justice,” July 16, 2017, Big Data & Society 4 (2): 1–14, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2053951717718855.

44.Rosenblat and Hwang, “Wisdom of the Captured,” 4–5.

45.Rosenblat and Hwang, “Wisdom of the Captured,” 4–5.

46.司机们确实有过反抗优步控制的行为，例如欺骗自动导航系统。

47.Rosenblat and Hwang, “Wisdom of the Captured,” 4.

48.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3768.

49.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3768.

50.Cass R. Sunstein, “Misconceptions about Nudges,” September 6, 2017,https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract\_id=3033101.

第五章幕后故事：优步如何用算法管理司机

1.“New LAX Rule: Taxi Drivers Who Discriminate Will Lose Permits,” CBS Los Angeles, February 2, 2016, http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/02/02/lacity-council-to-considerrevoking-permits-from-taxi-cab-drivers-who-refuseservice-at-lax/; Yanbo Ge, Christopher R. Knittel, Don MacKenzie, and Stephen Zoepf, “How Apps Like Uber Perpetuate the Cab Industry’s Racial Discrimination,” Alternet, January 6, 2017, www.alternet.org/economy/how-apps-uber-perpetuate-cabindustrys-racial-discrimination.

2.Yanbo Ge, Christopher R. Knittel, Don MacKenzie, and Stephen Zoepf,“Racial and Gender Discrimination in Transportation Network Companies,”National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2016, www.nber.org/papers/w22776.

3.Andrew Beinstein and Ted Sumers, “How Uber Engineering Increases Safe Driving with Telematics,” UBER Engineering, June 29, 2016, https://eng.uber.com/telematics/.

4.在其他公开报道过的乘客被性骚扰的事件中，司机同样反应了优 步系统与他们之间沟通渠道不通畅的问题。参阅Cheryl Herd, “San Francisco Uber Driver Sexually Harassed by Passenger on New Year’s Eve,” NBC Bay Area, January 26, 2018, www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/San-Francisco-Uber-Driver-Sexually-Harrassed-by-Passenger-on-NewYears-Eve-471398763.html.

5.Alex Rosenblat and Tim Hwang, “Wisdom of the Captured,” Data &Society Research Institute, September 2016, p. 3, https://datasociety.net/pubs/ia/Wisdom\_of\_Captured\_09–16.pdf.

6.Tarleton Gillespie, “The Relevance of Algorithms,” in Media Technologies,ed. Tarleton Gillespie, Pablo Boczkowskie, and Kristen Foot (Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 2014); Angele Christin, “Algorithms in Practice: Comparing Web Journalism and Criminal Justice,” Big Data & Society (2017): 1–4,http:// journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053951717718855.

7.关于此话题参阅Cass R. Sunstein, “Nudging: A Very Short Guide,”Journal of Consumer Policy 37, no. 4 (2014): 583–588, doi:10.1007/s10603–014–9273–1.

8.Josh Horwitz, “Uber Customer Complaints from the US Are Increasingly Handled in the Philippines,” Quartz, July 30, 2015, https://qz.com/465613/uber-customer-complaints-from-the-us-areincreasingly-handled-in-thephilippines/.

9.参阅 Heather Timmons, “Uber Explains Why a Search for ‘Rape’ in Its Customer Support Inbox Gets Thousands of Results,” Quartz, March 7, 2016, https://qz.com/632440/uber-explains-why-a-search-fon-rape-in-itscustomersupport-inbox-gets-thousands-of-results/.

10.“180 Days of Change: Building Together in 2018,” Uber, December
7,2017, www.uber.com/blog/180-days-of-change-building-together-in-2018/.

11.Jay Cradeur, “Uber Deactivated My Driver Account for No Reason,” The Rideshare Guy, December 20, 2017, https://therideshareguy.com/uberdeactivation/.

12.Aaron Sanking, “Senate Report Shows a New Way Wireless Companies Are Ripping You Off,” Daily Dot, July 31, 2014, www.dailydot.com/layer8/cramming-cellphone-fee-senate-report/.

13.Avi Asher-Schapiro, “As Uber Probes Sexual Harassment at Its Offices, It Overlooks Hundreds of Thousands of Female Drivers,” The Intercept, May 4,2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/05/04/as-uber-probessexual-harassmentat-its-offices-it-overlooks-hundreds-of-thousands-offemale-drivers/.

14.Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 1974);James R. Beniger, The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard

19.有一条警示：司机的评分只会跟同一地区的其他司机做对比。路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日的一名评分为4.6/5的司机不会跟加州洛杉矶另外一名评分为4.8/5的司机做对比。这样做是有道理的：因为司机的评分大都来自当地乘客，因此如果用另外一个地区所设定的标准来评判当地司机稍低的评分并因此冻结司机账户的话是不合理的。

20.Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3775–3776.

21.Gina Neff, Venture Labor: Work and the Burden of Risk in Innovative Industries (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press., 2012), 28; Rosenblat and Stark,“Algorithmic Labor,” 3772.

22.Robin Leidner, “Emotional Labor in Service Work,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 561, no. 1 (1999): 83; Rosenblat and Stark, “Algorithmic Labor,” 3772.

23.这一情绪来源于“情绪杀手”一词，描述的是压抑的工作环境和措 施会对人的精神产生伤害，参阅Winifred Poster, “Hidden Side of the Credit Economy: Emotions, Outsourcing, and Indian Call Centers,”International Journal of Comparative Sociology 54, no. 3 (2013): 225,https://nebula.wsimg.com/b0550d72bc3b5a3787bee80b630b9266? Access KeyId=BE299D66B75FCD35FBFD&disposition= 0&alloworigin=1.

24.See also Mareike Glöss, Moira McGregor, and Barry Brown, “Designing for Labour: Uber and the On-Demand Mobile Workforce,” Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York:ACM, 2016): 1632–1643, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2858036.2858476.

25.Noopur Raval and Paul Dourish, “Standing Out from the Crowd: Emotional Labour, Body Labour, and Temporal Labour in Ridesharing,”

Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (New York: ACM): 97–107, http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2818048.2820026.

26.Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, Twentieth Anniversary Edition, with a New Afterword,2nd ed. (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2003), www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.cttippocf.

27.Alison Pullen and Ruth Simpson, “Managing Difference in Feminized Work: Men, Otherness and Social Practice,” Human Relations 62, no. 4(2009): 561–587.

28.优步实施 “180天造就改变”政策后所采取的措施中，优步开始允许乘客解释低评分的原因了。“180天造就改变”政策是优步旨在改善与司机之间关系而从2017年7月起采取的改善司机工作体验的政策。参阅Uber, “180 Days of Change,” www.uber.com/c/180-days/.

29.Alex Rosenblat, Karen E. C. Levy, Solon Barocas, and Tim Hwang,“Discriminating Tastes: Uber’s Customer Ratings as Vehicles for Workplace Discrimination,” Policy & Internet 9 (2017): 256–279, doi:10.1002/poi3.153.Thanks to law professor Benjamin G. Edelman for this insightful point.

30.See, e.g., Johnson v. Zema Systems Corp., 170 F. 3d 734—Court of Appeals,7th Circuit 1999. https://scholar.google.com/scholar\_case? case=71980 99510076927053&hl=en&as\_sdt=6,33; Fernandez v. Wynn Oil Co., 653 F. 2d 1273—Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit 1981. https://scholar.google.com/scholar\_ case? case=17090205096023394365&hl=en&as\_sdt=6,33.

31.Rosenblat, Levy, Barocas, and Hwang, “Discriminating Tastes.”

32.Rosenblat, Levy, Barocas, and Hwang, “Discriminating Tastes.”

33.Fair Work Commission. Mr. Michael Kaseris v. Raisier Pacific V.O.F.FWC 6610, Melbourne, Australia, December 21, 2017, www.fwc.gov.au/documents/decisionssigned/html/2017fwc6610.htm.

34.Michael Lewis, “Proposed Ontario Class-Action Claims Uber Drivers Are Employees Not Contractors,” The Star, January 24, 2017, www.thestar.com/business/2017/01/24/proposed-ontario-class-action-claimsuberdrivers- are-employees-not-contractors.html.

35.Employment Appeal Tribunal, Appeal No. UKEAT/0056/17/DA(London, November 10, 2017), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a046b06e5274a0ee5a1f171/U and\_Others\_UKEAT\_0056\_17\_DA.pdf.

36.“Court: Uber Drivers Are Independent Contractors, Not Employees,” CBS,February 1, 2017, http://miami.cbslocal.com/2017/02/01/courtuberdrivers-contractors-employees/.

37.Mike Isaac and Natasha Singer, “California Says Uber Driver Is Employee,Not a Contractor,” New York Times, June 17, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/06/18/business/uber-contests-california-laborruling-that-saysdrivers-should-be-employees.html? mtrref=www.nytimes.com.

38.引用自Judge Edward M. Chen 在Douglas O’Connor, Thomas Colopy,Matthew Manahan, and Elie Gurfinkel vs, “Uber Technologies,” Inc.,No. C 13–3826 EMC, court transcript (U.S. District Court, Northern

CA:January 30, 2015), 17.

39.Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief at 10–11,FTC v. Uber Techs., Inc., No. 17–261 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2017); Ryan Calo and Alex Rosenblat, “The Taking Economy: Uber, Information, and Power,”Columbia Law Review 117, no. 6 (2017), http://columbialawreview.org/content/the-taking-economy-uber-informationand-power/.

40.James Vincent, “Leaked Document Shows How Gig Economy Companies Avoid the Term ‘Employee,’” The Verge, April 6, 2017, www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15204098/deliveroo-gig-economy-languagedos-dontsworkers.

41.Jordan Pearson, “Uber Is Using AI to Charge People as Much as Possible for a Ride,” Motherboard, May 19, 2017, https://motherboard.vice.com/en\_ us/article/ywmex5/uber-is-using-ai-tocharge-people-as-much-aspossible- for-a-ride.

42.Kara Swisher and Johana Bhuiyan, “A Top Uber Executive, Who Obtained the Medical Records of a Customer Who Was a Rape Victim, Has Been Fired,” ReCode, June 7, 2017, www.recode.net/2017/6/7/15754316/uberexecutive-india-assault-rapemedical-records.

43.Ben Smith, “Uber Executive Suggests Digging Up Dirt on Journalists,”BuzzFeed, November 18, 2014, www.buzzfeed.com/bensmith/uberexecutive-suggests-digging-up-dirt-onjournalists?utm\_term=.tieA9mVK54#.qyoQ7Pv0LK; Sarah Lacy, “The Moment I Learned Just How Far Uber Will Go to Silence Journalists and Attack Women,” Pando,November 17, 2014, https:// pando.com/2014/11/17/the-moment-i-learnedjust-how-far-uber-will-go-tosilence-journalists-and-attack-women/.

44.Biz Carson, “Bombshell Letter Exposes Uber’s Corporate Spy Tactics,” Forbes, December 15, 2017, www.forbes.com/sites/bizcarson/2017/12/15/jacobs-letter-uber-spytactics/#697c4817f9f6.

45.Kashmir Hill, “‘God View’: Uber Allegedly Stalked Users for PartyGoers’ Viewing Pleasure (Updated),” Forbes, October 3, 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2014/10/03/god-view-uber-allegedlystalkedusers-for-party- goers-viewing-pleasure/#3a9f548c3141.

46.Natasha Singer and Mike Isaac, “Uber Data Collection Changes Should Be Barred, Privacy Group Urges,” New York Times, June 22, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/06/23/technology/uber-data-collection-changesshouldbe-barred-privacy-group-urges.html.

47.Woodrow Hartzog (@hartzog), Twitter, August 29, 2017, https://twitter.com/hartzog/status/902639193033240580.

48.Mike Isaac, “Uber’s C.E.O. Plays with Fire,” New York Times, April 23,2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/04/23/technology/travis-kalanickpushesuber-and-himself-to-the-precipice.html.

49.See, e.g., Julie E. Cohen, Configuring the Networked Self: Law, Code, and Play of Everyday Practice (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012);Evan Selinger, Jules Polonetsky, and Omer Tene, eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Privacy (New York: Cambridge University Press,2018).