优步：算法重新定义工作

57.2017年8月5日Anne Washington 通过Skype接受我的采访。

58.Andrew Zimbalist and Roger G. Noll, “Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: Are New Stadiums Worth the Cost?” Brookings June 1, 1997, www.brookings.edu/articles/sports-jobs-taxes-are-new-stadiums-worth-thecost/;Gyregg Easterbrook, “How the NFL Fleeces Taxpayers,” Atlantic, October 2013,www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/10/how-the-nflfleecestaxpayers/309448/; Bret Schro- tenboer, “Abandoned NFL Cities Have Old Stadium Debt, New Outlook,” USA Today, March 31, 2017, www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2017/03/31/relocation- oakland-raiderssandiego-chargers-st-louis-rams/99848210/.

59.Alice Marwick, Status Update (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,2013), ch. 5.

60.UBER, “Uber | MADD,” www.uber.com/partner/madd/.

61.“MADD Canada” and “Driving for an Angel: Shelly’s Story,” Uber passenger app, December 2017, screenshot taken by the author.

62.参阅e.g., in Canada, “Don’t Drink and Drive: Make DDADD Your Last Call,”Designated Drivers Against Drinking Drivers, https://ddadd.ca/; Christina Stevens, “Designated Driver Companies in Durham Say New Municipal Rules Will Kill Industry,” Global News, December 9, 2015, http://globalnews.ca/news/2391673/designated-driver-companies-in-durhamsay-newmunicipal-rules-will-kill-industry/; Adam Hunter, “Sask. Company Hoping to Curb Drunk Driving Problem in Province,” CBC News, September 16,2016, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-designateddrivingcompany-looking-for-support-1.3765611; for the United States, see Scott Koegler, “Free Designated Drivers in 24 Cities in the US,” Exuberation!http://exuberation.com/regions-and-travels-publisher/326-freedesignateddrivers-in-24-cities- in-the-us; DrinkingandDriving.org, “Prevention Tools,” www.drinkingand driving.org/designated-driverservices/.

63.Alex Rosenblat, “Is Your Uber/Lyft Driver in Stealth Mode?” Uber Screeds,July 19, 2016, https://medium.com/uber-screeds/is-your-uber-driverinhiding-484696894139.

64.Judgment of December 20, 2017, Asociación Profesional Élite Taxi v. Uber Systems Spain SL, EU:C:2017:981, http://curia.europa.eu/juris/documents.jsf?num=C-434/15.

65.Charlotte Alter, “UN Women Breaks Off Partnership with Uber,” Time,March 23, 2015, http://time.com/3754537/un-women-breaksoffpartnership-with-uber/.

66.Susan Fowler, “Reflecting on One Very, Very Strange Year at Uber,” Susan Fowler (blog), February 19, 2017, www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-yearat-uber.

67.Susan Fowler, “Reflecting on One Very, Very Strange Year at Uber,” Susan Fowler (blog), February 19, 2017, www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-yearat-uber.

68.Sarah Lacy, “Susan Fowler Did This,” Pando, June 12, 2017, https://pando.com/2017/06/12/susan-fowler-did/.

69.Sara Ashley O’Brien, “Backlash Results after Uber Teams Up with Girls Who Code,” CNN Tech, August 25, 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/25/technology/business/uber-girls-who-codedonation-backlash/index.html.

70.Corinne Warnshuis (@corinnepw), Twitter, August 24, 2017, https://twitter.com/corinnepw/status/900915184960667649.

71.想了解更多男性气质，以下文章在低收入父亲的语境下做了深 入探讨：Kathryn Edin and Timothy J. Nelson, Doing the Best I Can: Fatherhood in the Inner City (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014).

72.Perri Chase, “My Comments on the Unroll.Me/Uber Situation,” Medium,April 25, 2017, https://medium.com/@bethebutterfly/i-need-tosaysomething-about-the-freak-out-in-response-to-uber-and-unrollmef17c42abaaa1.

73.Lucinda Shen, “200,000 Users Have Left Uber in the #DeleteUber Protest,”Fortune, February 3, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/02/03/uber-lyftdeletedonald-trump-executive-order/.

74.Alison Griswold, “Uber Did Nothing Wrong, but That Couldn’t Stop the Liberal Outrage of #DeleteUber,” Quartz, January 30, 2017, https://qz.com/898159/why-are-people-deleting-uber-a-trump-backlashthecompany-didnt-deserve/.

75.Sherman Alexie quoted in Anne Helen Petersen, “Sherman Alexie on Not Being ‘the Kind of Indian That’s Expected’”， Buzzfeed News, June 25,2017, www.buzzfeed.com/annehelenpetersen/sherman-alexie-is-nottheindian-you- expected.

76.Benjamin Edelman, “Uber Can’t Be Fixed—It’s Time for Regulators to Shut It Down,” Harvard Business Review, June 21, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/06/uber-cant-be-fixed-its-time-for-regulators-to-shut-itdown.

77.Jim Dwyer, “For Uber and Other Drivers at Kennedy, a Long Wait to Do Their Business,” New York Times, June 29, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/29/nyregion/uber-drivers-kennedy-airportrestrooms.html.

78.Noam Scheiber, “Uber to Repay Millions to Drivers, Who Could Be Owed Far More,” New York Times, May 24, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/business/economy/uber-drivers-tax.html.

79.Alison Griswold, “Inside Uber’s Unsettling Alliance with Some of New York’s Shadiest Car Dealers,” Quartz, June 27, 2017, https://qz.com/1013882/ubers-rental-and-lease-programs-with-new-york-cardealerspush-drivers-toward-shady-subprime-contracts/.

80.See, e.g., Biz Carson, “A Former Uber Driver Who Slept in Her Car Just Won a \$15,000 Legal Settlement with Uber,” Business Insider, January 12, 2016,www.businessinsider.com/uber-driver-slept-with-family-in-vehiclerented-fromuber-2016–1; Carla Green and Sam Levin, “Homeless, Assaulted, Broke:Drivers Left Behind as Uber Promises Change at the Top,” The Guardian,June 17, 2017, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/17/uberdrivershomeless-assault-travis-kalanick.

81.Eric Newcomer and Olivia Zaleski, “When Their Shifts End, Uber Drivers Set Up Camp in Parking Lots across the U.S.,” Bloomberg Technology,January 23, 2017, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017–01– 23/whentheir-shifts-end-uber-drivers-set-up-camp-in-parking-lots-across-theu-s.

82.Avi Asher-Schapiro, “As Uber Probes Sexual Harassment at Its Offices, It Overlooks Hundreds of Thousands of Female Drivers,” The Intercept, May 4,2017, https://theintercept.com/2017/05/04/as-uber-probessexual-harassmentat-its-offices-it-overlooks-hundreds-of-thousands-offemale-drivers/.

83.Douglas MacMillan and Newley Purnell, “Smoke, Then Fire: Uber Knowingly Leased Unsafe Cars to Drivers,” Wall Street Journal, August 3, 2017, www.wsj.com/articles/smoke-then-fire-uber-knowingly-leasedunsafecars-to-drivers-1501786430.

84.Mike Isaac, “Uber’s C.E.O. Plays with Fire,” New York Times, April 23,2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/04/23/technology/travis-kalanickpushesuber-and-himself-to-the-precipice.html.

85.Julia Carrie Wong, “Uber’s ‘Hustle-Oriented’ Culture Becomes a Black Mark on Employees’ Résumés,” The Guardian, March 7, 2017, www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/07/uber-work-culturetraviskalanick-susan-fowler-controversy.

86.Susan J. Fowler, “Reflecting on One Very, Very Strange Year at Uber,”February 19, 2017, Susan Fowler (blog), www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-yearat-uber.

87.Kara Swisher, “With Her Blog Post about Toxic Bro-Culture at Uber,Susan Fowler Proved That One Person Can Make a Difference,” ReCode,June 21, 2017, www.recode.net/2017/6/21/15844852/uber-toxicbrocompany- culture-susan-fowler-blog-post.

88.Reuters, “Uber Picks Dallas and Dubai for Its Planned 2020 Flying

Taxi Launch,” Fortune, April 25, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/04/26/uberdallas-dubai-2020-flying-taxi-launch/.

89.Tony Romm, “A Powerful Group of Black Lawmakers Is Pressuring Uber to Hire More Diverse Executives,” Recode, June 26, 2017, www. recode.net/2017/6/26/15871344/uber-black-lawmakers-hire-diversityexecutivescedric-richmond-congressional-caucus.

结语优步的新时代：科技消费如何重新定义工作准则

1.本章节的部分内容首先出现在我为《快公司》撰写的杂志文章 中。参阅 Alex Rosenblat, “The Network Uber Drivers Built,” January 9, 2018, Fast Company, www.fastcompany.com/40501439/the-network-uberdrivers-built.这项田野调查同样参考了一项合作项目: 参见Alexandra Mateescu,Alex Rosenblat, and Julia Ticona, “Mapping Inequalities in the On-Demand Economy” (unpublished white paper, New York: Data & Society Research Institute, January 31, 2018).

2.V. B. Duval与我于2018年2月1日的电子邮件往来。

3.Mateescu, Rosenblat, and Ticona, “Mapping Inequalities.”

4.Alison Griswold, “Uber Drivers Are Using This Trick to Make Sure the Company Doesn’t Underpay Them,” Quartz, April 13, 2017, https://qz.com/956139/uber-drivers-are-comparing-fares-with-riders-tocheck-theirpay-from-the-company/.

5.Christian Perea, “Uber’s Upfront Pricing Is Secretly Overcharging Passengers without Paying Drivers,” The Rideshare Guy, September 26,2016, https:// therideshareguy.com/ubers-upfront-pricing-is-secretlyovercharging-

passengers-without-paying-drivers/.

6.“Workers who provide services through online intermediaries, such as Uber or Task Rabbit, accounted for 0.5 percent of all workers in 2015.” Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States,” 1995–2015,working paper 22667,National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2016, www.nber.org/papers/w22667.pdf.

7.Noam Scheiber, “How Uber’s Tax Calculation May Have Cost Drivers Hundreds of Millions,” New York Times, July 6, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/07/05/business/how-uber-may-have-improperlytaxed-itsdrivers.html.

8.Fredrick Kunkle, “Lyft Drivers Call for Investigation into Alleged ‘Wage Theft’”, Washington Post, May 31, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/tripping/wp/2017/05/31/lyft-drivers-call-forinvestigation-into-alleged-wage-theft/.

9.Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015,” Working Paper 22667, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2016,www.nber.org/papers/w22667.pdf.

10.Jared Meyer, “By Losing Uber, Austin Is No Longer a Tech Capital,”Forbes, May 11, 2016, www.forbes.com/sites/jaredmeyer/2016/05/11/bylosing-uber-austin-is-nolonger-a-tech-capital/. Meyer, author of How Progressive Cities Fight Innovation (Encounter Books, 2017)一书的作者Meyer一直都是一位坚定 的共享经济支持者。

11.2017年2月，加拿大统计局公布的数据表明，2015年11月—2016年10月，只有5%的温哥华人使用过网约车服务，相比之下，多伦多的数据是15%，渥太华-加蒂诺地区则是18%。参阅加拿大统计局，“Proportion of the Population Aged 18 and Older That Used Peer-to-Peer Ride Services from November 2015 to October 2016, by SelectedCensus Metropolitan Areas,” n.d., www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/170228/cgb002-eng.htm.

12.University of British Columbia, “Why Has Vancouver Been So Slow to Join the Sharing Economy?” n.d., www.alumni.ubc.ca/2017/webcasts/vancouverslow-join-sharing-economy/.

13.Tracey Read, “Painsville Judge Requiring Drunk Driving Defendants to Download Uber, Lyft on Smartphones,” News-Herald, June 10, 2017, www.news-herald.com/general-news/20170610/painesville-judgerequiringdrunk-driving-defendants-to-download-uber-lyft-on-smartphones.

14.TOI Staff, “Traffic Jam as Waze Mistakenly Declares J’lem-TA Road Closed,” Times of Israel, February 22, 2017, www.timesofisrael.com/traffic- snarls-as-waze-mistakenly-declares-mainroad-closed/.

15.Tim Wu, “The Tyranny of Convenience,” New York Times, February 16, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/opinion/sunday/tyrannyconvenience.html? mtrref=www.nytimes.com&assetType=opinion.

附录一我是如何研究优步的

1.2014年，在微软研究中心的赞助下，我和合作伙伴卢克·斯塔克博士开始了我们的第一项研究，并撰写了期刊文章“Algorithmic Labor andInformation Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers。”我们的研究主要依赖于对司机网上论坛的民族志学研究，不过我们还是采访了七名司机作为我们研究的一部分。我们将研究结果提交给了纽约大学审委会(New York University Institutional Review Board)，审委会认为我们的文章可以免于进一步审查。2016年我开始了第二项研究，此次我作为唯一的首席调研员，发表了“Regional Adaptations:Ridehail Driving。”这篇文章经Advarra审核，并得到了约翰与凯瑟琳.麦克阿瑟基金会的部分赞助（赞助是通过数据与合会研究所一项名为Intelligence & Autonomy的项目获得的）。后来我将这篇文章进行修订后再次提交给Advarra审委会，希望能扩大文章内容的覆盖范围，包括增加健康这一议题，同样，审委会认为这篇文章可以免于进一步审核。这篇修订后的研究文章的部分内容被用在了与Julia Ticona博士（她也是这个项目的主调研员）和分析师Alexandra Mateescu合作的对比研究项目中。项目名称是“MappingInequalities in the On-Demand Economy”，该项目得到了罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会的赞助。

附录二优步之外的网约车公司：认识一下来福车这个年轻的孪生兄弟

2.Darrell Etherington, “Lyft Raises \$1 Billion at \$11 Billion Valuation Led by Alphabet’s CapitalG,” Tech Crunch, October 19, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/19/lyft-raises-1-billion-at-11-billionvaluation-led-by-alphabetscapitalg/.

3.Rani Molla, “Uber’s Market Share Has Taken a Big Hit,” Recode,

August 31, 2017, www.recode.net/2017/8/31/16227670/uber-lyft-marketsharedeleteuber-decline-users.

4.San Francisco County Transportation Authority, “TNCs Today: A Prfile of San Francisco Transportation Network Company Activity,” June 2017,

www.sfcta.org/sites/default/files/content/Planning/TNCs/TNCs\_Today\_11291

5.Jessica, “New Survey: Drivers Choose Uber for Its Flexibility and Convenience,” Uber Newsroom, December 7, 2015, https://newsroom.uber.com/driver-partner-survey/.

6.Lyft, “Explore,” February 14, 2018, www.lyft.com/.

7.Uber, “Get there,” February 14, 2018, www.uber.com/.

8.Harry Campbell, “2018 Uber and Lyft Driver Survey Results” —The Rideshare Guy, February 26, 2018, The Rideshare Guy, https://therideshareguy.com/2018-uber-and-lyft-driver-survey-results-therideshare-guy/.