算法的陷阱：超级平台、算法垄断与场景欺骗

Stirs Up Privacy Controversy,” Washington Post, November 18, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/uberexecutive-stirs-upprivacy-controversy/2014/ll/18/d0607836-6f61-lle4adl2-3734c461eab6\_story .html.

1. Craig Timberg, Nancy Scola, and Andrea Peterson, “Uber Executive Stirs Up Privacy Controversy,” Washington Post, November 18, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/uberexecutive-stirs-upprivacy-controversy/2014/ll/18/d0607836-6f61-lle4adl2-3734c461eab6\_story .html.

1. Uber, Privacy Statement（effective July 15, 2015）, https://www.uber.com/legal /privacy/users/en.

1. Uber, Privacy Statement（effective July 15, 2015）, https://www.uber.com/legal /privacy/users/en.

1. Uber, Android App Permissions, https://www.uber. com /android / permissions.

1. Kenneth Olmstead and Michelle Atkinson, “Apps Permissions in the Google Play Store,” Pew Research Center（November 10, 2015）,http://www.pew internet.org/2015/ll/10/apps-permissions-in-thegoogleplay-store/.

1. Daniel Eran Dilger, “After Abandoning iAd Revenue, Apple Inc Can Reintroduce an Ad-Free Internet,” Apple Insider（January 17,2016）, http://appleinsider.com/articles/16/01/18/after-abandoning-iadrevenue-applecan-reintroduce-an-ad-free-internet; see also Jennifer LeClaire, “Apple May Pull Plug on Its iAd Advertising Business,” CIO Today（January 14, 2016）, http://www.cio-today.com/article/index.php? story\_id=11300AJK1JYB.

1. Uber, Privacy Statement.

1. Uber, Privacy Statement.

1. Julia Angwin and Tom McGinty, “Sites Feed Personal Details to New Tracking Industry,” Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870397700457539317343221

1. 出处同上。Open Tracker, “Third-Party Cookies vs First-PartyCookies”（April 15, 2013）, http://www.opentracker.net/article/third-partyCookies-vs-first-party-Cookies. “举例来看，如果你在访问widgets.com时，第一方Cookies就是由地址栏中列出的网站域（也就是widgets.com）设置的Cookies，而第三方Cookies来自在网页上嵌入广告或图片等项的其他域来源，比如stats-for-free.com。”详见：WhatIs.com,“ThirdParty Cookies”（n.d.）, http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/third-partyCookies。

1. Angwin and McGinty, “Sites Feed Personal Details to New Tracking

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Industry.”

1. Angwin and McGinty, “Sites Feed Personal Details to New Tracking Industry.”

1. 出处同上（“例如，我们和我们的广告合作伙伴可能依赖于通过这些Cookie收集到的信息为用户在访问其他网站时提供广告。与之相似，我们的合作伙伴还可能运用Cookies、归属用户服务器以及其他类似的技术来判断我们是否已向某位用户投放过了广告，进而评估广告投放的成效”）。

1. Uber, Privacy Statement.

1. Google, “How Google Uses Data When You Use Our Partners’Sites or Apps,” Google Privacy & Terms, http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies / privacy/partners/.

1. Google, “How Google Uses Data When You Use Our Partners’Sites or Apps,” Google Privacy & Terms, http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies / privacy/partners/.

1. Google, “How Google Uses Data When You Use Our Partners’Sites or Apps,” Google Privacy & Terms, http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies / privacy/partners/.

1. Google, Google Analytics Opt-Out Browser Add-On, https://tools.google . com/dlpage/gaoptout.

1. In re Nickelodeon Consumer Privacy Litig., No. CIV.A. 1207829, 2014 WL 3012873, 1-2（D.N.J. Jul. 2, 2014）.

1. In re Nickelodeon Consumer Privacy Litig., No. CIV.A. 1207829,

1. For a contrary view on the Video Privacy Protection Act, 18 U.S.C.§ 2710, see Yershov v. Gannett Satellite Info. Network, Inc., No. CIV.A. 14- 13112- FDS, 2015 WL 2340752, 8（D. Mass. May 15, 2015）, on appeal to the First Circuit.

1. In re Nickelodeon Consumer PrivacyLitig.

1. Steve Stecklow, “On the Web: Children Face Intensive Tracking,”Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870390430457549790352318

1. Steve Stecklow, “On the Web: Children Face Intensive Tracking,”Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870390430457549790352318

1. Steve Stecklow, “On the Web: Children Face Intensive Tracking,”Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870390430457549790352318

1. Steve Stecklow, “On the Web: Children Face Intensive Tracking,”Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870390430457549790352318

1. Steve Stecklow, “On the Web: Children Face Intensive Tracking,”Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870390430457549790352318

1. Angwin and McGinty, “Sites Feed Personal Details to New Tracking Industry”; “The Web’s New Gold Mine: Your Secrets,” Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527487039

2014 WL 3012873, 1-2（D.N.J. Jul. 2, 2014），2。

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40904575395073512989404?cb=logged0.6130286159459502.

1. Alex Chris, “Can You Still Make Money with AdSense?”reliablesoft.net, https://www.reliablesoft.net/can-you-still-makemoneywith-adsense/.

1. 在2016年第一季度里，谷歌的广告收入达到了180.2亿元：其中143.28亿元是由自身运营的互联网平台创造，另外36.92亿元是由谷歌的合作伙伴贡献。详见：Alphabet, Inc., Form 10-Q,for the quarterly periodended March 31, 2016（2016）, 32, https://abc.xyz/investor/pdf/20160331\_alphabet\_10Q.pdf。

1. Jacob Weisberg, “We Are Hopelessly Hooked,” New York Review of Books, February 25, 2016, 9.

1. Jacob Weisberg, “We Are Hopelessly Hooked,” New York Review of Books, February 25, 2016, 9.

1. Jacob Weisberg, “We Are Hopelessly Hooked,” New York Review of Books, February 25, 2016, 9.

1. Lara O’Reilly, “There Is One Key Reason Why People Are Spending More Time on Facebook’s Apps Than Google’s,” Business Insider, June 29, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-vsgoogle-on-timespent-in-apps-according-to-forrester-2015-6.

1. Daisuke Wakabayashi and Jack Marshall, “Apple’s Ad Blockers Rile Publishers: New iOS Lets Users Halt Ads on Mobile Devices, Posing a Challenge to Publishers and Google,” Wall Street Journal, August 30,2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/apples-ad-blockers-raise-tensions1440974849? cb=logged0.8844516936223954.

1. Coupons.com, Form 10-K（2014）, 21.

1. Allen Grunes, “Tracking Not Allowed（Unless You’re Google）,” Politico（October 1, 2015）, http://wwwpolitico.com/agenda/story/2015/10/tracking-not-allowed-unlessyoure-google - 000261.

1. Allen Grunes, “Tracking Not Allowed（Unless You’re Google）,” Politico（October 1, 2015）, http://wwwpolitico.com/agenda/story/2015/10/tracking-not-allowed-unlessyoure-google - 000261.

1. Allen Grunes, “Tracking Not Allowed（Unless You’re Google）,” Politico（October 1, 2015）, http://wwwpolitico.com/agenda/story/2015/10/tracking-not-allowed-unlessyoure-google - 000261.

1. Allen Grunes, “Tracking Not Allowed（Unless You’re Google）,” Politico（October 1, 2015）, http://wwwpolitico.com/agenda/story/2015/10/tracking-not-allowed-unlessyoure-google - 000261.

1. Deepa Seetharaman and Elizabeth Dwoskin, “Facebook’s Restrictions on User Data Cast a Long Shadow,” Wall Street Journal,September 21, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/article\_email/facebooksrestrictions-on-user-data-cast-along-shadow-144288 1 332lMyQjAxMTE1MzIwMjEyMTIzWj.

1. Deepa Seetharaman and Elizabeth Dwoskin, “Facebook’s Restrictions on User Data Cast a Long Shadow,” Wall Street Journal,September 21, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/article\_email/facebooksrestrictions-on-user-data-cast-along-shadow-144288 1 332lMyQjAxMTE1MzIwMjEyMTIzWj.

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1. Bogdan Petrovan, “How Does Google Make Money from Android?” Android Authority（January 22, 2016）, http://www.androidauthority.com/how-does-google-make-moneyfromandroid-669008/.

1. Microsoft, Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2014（2014）, 19.

1. Alistair Barr, “Google Mobile Apps Grab Almost as Much User Time as Facebook’s Apps,” Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2015, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/06/29/google-mobile-apps-grab-almostasmuch-user-time-as-facebooks-apps/.

1. Petrovan, “How Does Google Make Money from Android?”

1. Catherine Stupp and Jorge Valero, “Commission Mulls New Measures in Divisive Inquiry of Online Giants,” EurActiv.com（September 8, 2015）, http://www.euractiv.com/sections/infosociety/commission-mullsnew-measures-divisive-inquiry-online-giants-317409.

1. “Desktop Operating System Market Share,” Net Market Share（December 2015）, http://netmarketshare.com/operating-systemmarketshare.aspx ?qprid=8&qpcustomd=.

1. Microsoft, Form 10-K, for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2015（2015）, 18, http://apps.shareholder.com/sec/viewerContent.aspx? compa nyid=MSFT&docid=10834537#D918813D10K\_HTM\_TX918813\_3.

1. Disconnect, Inc., Complaint of Disconnect, Inc., 关于谷歌触犯《欧

洲联盟运作条约》第102（c）条款，在安卓系统上进行捆绑销售并强行植入其他排他性的反竞争政策和安全技术，详见：
CaseCOMP/40099（June 2015）, para. 45。

第16章 “何苦请个纵火犯来家中做客？”——试着理解竞合关系

1. Feng Zhu and Qihong Liu, “Competing with Complementors: An Empirical Look at Amazon.com,” Harvard Business School Technology and Operations Management Unit Working Paper No. 15-044（August 21, 2015）, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2533616 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2533616.

1. In re Goldenshores Technologies, FTC File No. C-4446（2014）, Complaint 4, https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/140409goldenshorescmpt .pdf .

1. In re Goldenshores Technologies, FTC File No. C-4446（2014）, Complaint 4, https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/140409goldenshorescmpt .pdf，Complaint 5。

1. Disconnect, Inc. Complaint of Disconnect, Inc., Regarding Google’s Infringement of Article 102 TFEU through Bundling into the Android Platform and the Related Exclusion of Competing Privacy and Security Technology, Case COMP/40099（June 2015） .

1. In re Goldenshores Technologies, Complaint 5.

1. Donald S. Clark, Letter to Isaac Buckman, Commonwealth of

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1. Goldenshores Technologies, LLC, Privacy Policy（2014）, http://www.golden shorestechnologies.com/privacypolicy.html.

1. FTC发现，虽然安卓手机会向用户提示，应用程序会获取用户的信息数据（如地理位置信息）或者使用手机上的其他功能（如拍照功能），但安卓系统却从未“（向用户解释）是否这些应用程序会将用户信息分享给第三方机构”。详见：In re GoldenshoresTechnologies,Complaint, para. 7。

https://play.google.com/about/developer-content-policy.html.

1. Alphabet, Inc., Form 10-K, for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2015（2016）at 25, https://abc.xyz/investor/pdf/20151231\_alphabet\_10K.pdf.

1. Alphabet, Inc., Form 10-K, for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2015（2016）at 25, https://abc.xyz/investor/pdf/20151231\_alphabet\_10K.pdf。Google Inc., Form 10-K, for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2014（2015）at 24, https://abc.xyz/investor/pdf/20141231\_google\_10K.pdf.

1. AdMob by Google, Monetize Your Apps Intelligently, https://www.google .com/admob/.

1. AdMob by Google, Maximize Ad Revenue, https://www.google.com/admob /monetize.html.

1. Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Opinion 2/2012 on Online Behavioural Advertising, 00909/10/EN WP 171（June 22, 2010）,http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/docs/wpdocs/2010/wpl71\_

1. Google Ads, Find New Customers Now, with Google AdWords,http://www.google.com/ads/.

1. “Moving Targets: What Advertisers Love, and What They Hate,about Mobile Devices,” The Economist, September 13, 2014, http://www. economist.com/news/special-report/21615870-what-advertiserslove-andwha-they -hate-about-mobile-devices-moving-targets.

1. Julia Angwin, “The Web’s New Gold Mine: Your Secrets,” Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405

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