算法的陷阱：超级平台、算法垄断与场景欺骗

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1. Julia Angwin and Tom McGinty, “Sites Feed Personal Details to New Tracking Industry,” Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405274870397700457539317343221

1. Luigi Vigneri, Jaideep Chandrashekar, Ioannis Pefkianakis,and Olivier Heen, “Taming the Android AppStore: Lightweight Characterization of Android Applications,” Eurecom Research Report RR-15-305（April 27） .

1. Luigi Vigneri, Jaideep Chandrashekar, Ioannis Pefkianakis,and Olivier Heen, “Taming the Android AppStore: Lightweight Characterization of Android Applications,” Eurecom Research Report RR-15-305（April 27），7。

1. Luigi Vigneri, Jaideep Chandrashekar, Ioannis Pefkianakis,and Olivier Heen, “Taming the Android AppStore: Lightweight Characterization of Android Applications,” Eurecom Research Report RR-15-305（April 27），9。

1. Luigi Vigneri, Jaideep Chandrashekar, Ioannis Pefkianakis,and Olivier Heen, “Taming the Android AppStore: Lightweight Characterization of Android Applications,” Eurecom Research Report RR-15-305（April 27），19。

1. Disconnect, Inc., ComplaintofDisconnect, Inc., para.18.

1. Disconnect, Inc., ComplaintofDisconnect, Inc.，para. 19。

1. Disconnect, Inc., ComplaintofDisconnect, Inc.，para. 19。

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Journal, August 28, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/08/28/why-someprivacy-apps-get-blocked-from-the-android-play-store/.

1. Reed Albergotti, Alistair Barr, and Elizabeth Dwoskin, “Why Some Privacy Apps Get Blocked from the Android Play Store,” Wall Street Journal, August 28, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/08/28/why-someprivacy-apps-get-blocked-from-the-android-play-store/.

1. 据《华尔街日报》报道，“数十家仍在Google Play商店上架的隐私保护应用程序向用户承诺会帮助后者摆脱定向广告的数据追踪或者揭示那些正在追踪用户数据的企业名单”。但是其中有一个没有被踢出谷歌生态系统的浏览器扩展隐私工具。Ghostery虽会“要求数据追踪公司不向安装了该扩展工具的用户投放定向广告，但是用户照旧会收到广告推送”，并会“在阻断数据追踪前，事先征求广告商的意见”。引用出处同上。另据报道，Ghostery的研发者——Evidon科技公司——“通过将800万Ghostery用户的个人信息卖给第三方公司，从而帮助后者提升数据追踪能力”。详见：Tom Simonite, “A Popular Ad Blocker Also Helps the AdIndustry,” MIT Technology Review（June 17, 2013）,http://www.technologyreview.com/news/516156/a-popular-ad-blocker-also-helps-the-ad-industry/。

1. Google Chrome., Turn “Do Not Track” On or Off, https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/2790761?hl =en.

1. 您可以通过访问谷歌浏览器中的广告设置页面来调整浏览器的广告设置。一些应用程序可能允许用户在不启动移动设备的默认网络浏览器的情况下查看网页。此类网页无法识别用户的默认浏览器设置，包括用户对由谷歌在网页上投放的广告的设置。

1. Google Ads Help, Opt Out,https://support.google.com/ads/answer/2662922?hl=en; “对于一些网站而言，广告收入就是它们的生命线。如果用户选择关闭定向广告推送，那么他们仍会收到由谷歌投放的广告——虽然这些广告不会基于用户的兴趣投放广告。但是，移动广告网络平台仍会基于用户访问页面的具体内容、大致定位信息或者近期的搜索记录向用户投放广告”。

1. 据谷歌所言，“关闭定向广告推送也不能阻挡那些非谷歌投放的基于用户兴趣的定向广告。所以说，如果你在浏览非谷歌的移动应用广告联盟成员的网页或应用程序时，用户仍会收到基于他们兴趣的定向广告”。Google Ads Help, Opt Out,https://support.google.com/ads/answer/2662922?hl=en。

1. Google Ads Help, Opt Out, https://support.google.com/ads/answer/2662922?hl=en。

1. Google Ads Help, Opt Out, https://support.google.com/ads/answer/2662922?hl=en。

1. Disconnect, Inc., ComplaintofDisconnect, Inc., para. 14-15.

1. Ingrid Lunden, “Disconnect.Me Files Antitrust Case against Google in Europe over Banned Anti-Malware Android App,” TechCrunch（June 2, 2015）, http://techcrunch.com/2015/06/02/disconnect-mefiles-antitrust-caseagainst-google-in-europe-over-banned-anti-malwareandroid-app/.

1. Ingrid Lunden, “Disconnect.Me Files Antitrust Case against Google in Europe over Banned Anti-Malware Android App,” TechCrunch（June 2, 2015）, http://techcrunch.com/2015/06/02/disconnect-mefiles-antitrust-caseagainst-google-in-europe-over-banned-anti-malwareandroid-app/.

1. Disconnect, Inc., Complaint of Disconnect, Inc., para. 13.

1. Google, 2014, Form 10-K, 16.

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1. Google, 2014, Form 10-K, 16.

1. Facebook, Form 10-K, for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31,2014（2015）, 10, http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/AMDA-NJ5D Z/650609882x0xS1326801%2D15%2D6/1326801/filing.pdf.

1. Facebook, Form 10-K, for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31,2014（2015）, 10, http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/AMDA-NJ5D Z/650609882x0xS1326801%2D15%2D6/1326801/filing.pdf，10—11。

1. Coupons.com, Form 10-K（2014）, 21.

1. CaseC-52/09, Konkurrensverket v. TeliaSonera Sverige AB,[2011] ECR I-527, [2011] 4 CMLR 18, para. 24.

1. Barack Obama, Statement ofSenator Barack Obamafor the American Antitrust Institute,（September 7, 2007）, http://www.antitrustinstitute.org /files/aai-%20Presidential%20campaign%20-%20 Obama%209-07\_ 092720071759.pdf.

1. Barack Obama, Statement ofSenator Barack Obamafor the American Antitrust Institute,（September 7, 2007）, http://www.antitrustinstitute.org /files/aai-%20Presidential%20campaign%20-%20 Obama%209-07\_ 092720071759.pdf.

1. Barack Obama, Statement ofSenator Barack Obamafor the American Antitrust Institute,（September 7, 2007）, http://www.antitrustinstitute.org /files/aai-%20Presidential%20campaign%20-%20 Obama%209-07\_ 092720071759.pdf.

1. Brent Kendall, “Justice Department Doesn’t Deliver on Promise to Attack Monopolies: Obama Administration Arrived Promising a Tougher Stance, but Few Antitrust Cases Have Been Pursued in U.S. and Enforcement Has Shifted to Europe,” Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-department-doesnt-deliver-on promiseto-attack-monopolies-1446892202.

第17章 竞合关系的远大前程——虚拟助手的兴起

1. 引言: Internet Movie Database, “Quotes for HAL 9000（Character） from 2001: A Space Odyssey（1968）”（2015）, http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0002900/quotes.

1. Danny Yadron, “Google Assistant Takes on Amazon and Apple to Be the Ultimate Digital Butler,” The Guardian, May 18, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/18/google-home-

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assistantamazon-echo-apple-siri.

1. Christopher Mims, “Ask M for Help: Facebook Tests New Digital Assistant: Single Interface Could Replace Web Searches and Apps on Mobile Devices,” Wall Street Journal, November 9, 2015,http://www.wsj.com/articles/ask-m-for-help-facebook-tests-newdigitalassistant-1447045202.

1. Yadron, “Google Assistant Takes on Amazon and Apple”.

1. Yadron, “Google Assistant Takes on Amazon and Apple”.

1. Mims, “Ask M for Help” .

1. Mims, “Ask M for Help” .

1. Jack Nicas, “Google’ s New Products Refiect Push into Machine Learning,” Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-new-products-reflect-push-intomachine-learning1463598395?mod=ST1.

1. Margrethe Vestager, “How Competition Supports Innovation,”speech, Regulation4Innovation, Brussels, May 24, 2016, http://ec.europa.eu/commission/2014-2019/vestager/announcements/howcompetitionsupports-innovation\_en.

1. Margrethe Vestager, “How Competition Supports Innovation,”speech, Regulation4Innovation, Brussels, May 24, 2016, http://ec.europa.eu/commission/2014-2019/vestager/announcements/howcompetitionsupports-innovation\_en.

1. Amy Mitchell, Jeffrey Gottfried, and Katerina Eva

Matsa,“Millennials and Political News: Social Media — The Local TV for the Next Generation?” Pew Research Center, June 1, 2015, http://www.journalism.org/2015/06/01 /millennials- political -news/.

1. Katerina Eva Matsa, “Facebook, Twitter Play Different Roles in Connecting Mobile Readers to News,” Pew Research Center, May 9,2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/05/09/facebook-twittermobilenews/.

1. Deepa Seetharaman, “Uproar over Bias Claims Ignites Fears over Facebook’s Infiuence,” Wall Street Journal, May 11, 2016, A1.

1. Jonathan Zittrain, “Facebook Could Decide an Election without Anyone Ever Finding Out — The Scary Future of Digital Gerrymandering — and How to Prevent It,” New Republic, June 2,2014, https://newrepublic.com/article/117878/information-fiduciarysolutionfacebook-digital-gerrymandering. Also note more generally,Jonathan Zittrain, The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It（New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008）, http://blogs.harvard.edu/futureoftheinternet/download/.

1. Zittrain, “Facebook Could Decide an Election.”

1. Robert Epstein, “How Google Could End Democracy,” U.S.News & World Report, June 9, 2014, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2014/06/09/how-googles-searchrankings-could-manipulateelections-and-end -democracy; Robert Epstein, “How Google Could Rig the 2016 Election,” Politico（August 19, 2015）, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/how-google-could-rig-the-2016election-121548.

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1. Epstein, “How Google Could End Democracy.”

1. Epstein, “How Google Could End Democracy.”

1. Jack Smith, “Uber Is Using Its App to Rally New Yorkers to Protest Their Own Mayor,” Tech.Mic（July 16, 2015）, http://mic.com/articles/122419/uber-rallies-new-yorkers-to-protest-mayorbill-deblasio#.OHyU15P1r.

1. Zittrain, “Facebook Could Decide an Election without Anyone Ever Finding Out.”

1. “Facebook and Your Brain: The Inside Dope on Facebook,”Psychology Today, May 24, 2012, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/vitality/201205/face book-and-yourbrain.

1. 塞缪尔·沃伦（Samuel D. Warren）和路易斯·布兰代斯（Louis D.Brandeis）在两者合著的有关个人隐私的文章中指出，“通过侵犯个人隐私的方式现代企业和发明令人们承受了精神上的痛苦与焦虑，这种危害性要远胜于身体上的伤害”。详见：Samuel D. Warren and Louis D.Brandeis, “The Right to Privacy,” Harvard Law Review 4, no.5（December15, 1890）,http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/privacy/Privacy\_brand\_

1. George Orwell, 1984（1949）, chap.1, https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/oZorwell /george/o79n/chapter1.1.html.

1. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society（Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979）, 202, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/42.pdf.

1. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society（Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979）, 202, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/42.pdf.

1. Jay Greene and Matthias Verbergt, “Microsoft Cuts Low-End Phones,” Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2016, B1. 微软收购领英的交易将令 这家科技巨头获得超过4.3亿领英用户的个人信息数据。

1. Jack Nicas, “Google Touts New AI-Powered Tools,” Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2016, B1, B4.

1. Jack Nicas, “Google Touts New AI-Powered Tools,” Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2016, B1, B4.

1. Yadron, “Google Assistant Takes on Amazon and Apple.”

第五部分有形之手的介入

第18章 监管还是放手？

1. Credit Suisse Research Institute, Global Wealth Report 2014（October 2014）, https://publications.creditsuisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=60931FDE-A2D2-F568- B041B58C5EA591A4; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All（Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2015）, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264235120-en（报告显示，发达国家的贫富

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