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注释

1. 作为一名科学普及者，弗拉马里翁体现了科学和如今所称的伪科学之间界线的流动性。除天文学之外，他还写到了地外生命。关于伪科学，参见Michael Gordin, The Pseudoscience Wars: Immanuel Velikovsky and theBirth of the Modern Fringe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).

1. Flammarion, "Les imperfections du calendrier," 313.

1. Ibid., 314; 还可参看Alexander Philip, The Reform of the Calendar (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Truebner, & Co., 1914), 58–59; 以 Alexander Philip, The Improvement of the Gregorian Calendar (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1918).

1. "Société astronomique de France, séance du 5 juin 1901," Bulletin de la société astronomique de France et revue mensuelle d'stronomie, de météorologie et de physique du globe 14 (1901): 300–309, here 300, 305.

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1. Ibid.

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1. BNA HO 45/10548/162178, draft, Calendar Reform Act 1908, An Act to Reform the Calendar Fixing Easter and Other and More Bank Holidays and for Other Purposes in Relation Thereto, 2; 还可参看Philip, Reform of the Calendar, 58; "Britain Asks Views on Calendar Reform," New York Times, March 31, 1911, 2.

1. BArch R901/37726, memorandum Aufzeichnung über die Frage der Einführung eines Normalkalenders und der Festlegung des Osterfestes, Berlin, January 23, 1911; "Proposals for the Reform of the Calendar," Nature, August 26, 1911, 281–283.

1. Lcague of Nations Archives, Communications and Transit Section (此后引用时写作LNA CTS) Calendar Reform, 1919-1927, 14/22679/12478, Rcform of the Calendar, Provisional Committee, Document 8, Note on the Experience of Reforming the Calendar, March 9, 1922, 1.

30.关于国际联盟大体上的历史，以及其通讯与运输部的历史，参见Francis P. Walters, A History of the League of Nations (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1960).

1. LNA CTS, Calendar Reform, 1919–1927, 14/22679/12478, Reform of the Calendar, Provisional Committee, Document 8, Note on the Experience of Reforming the Calendar, March 9, 1922, 2.

1. LNA CTS, 1919–1927, 14/52722/12478, Resolution 1926, Société des Nations, commission consultative et technique des communications et du transit réforme du calendrier, projet de résolution, July 17, 1926, 1.

1. Sarah Steiner, The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919-1933 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

1. Pamphlet, The World Calendar Association, Calendar before thc United

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Nations, Basic Facts, n.d., 4.

1. Charles S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975).

1. BArch R1501/125214, Report of the National Committee on Calendar Simplification for the United States, Submitted to the Secretary of State (Rochester, NY: Office of the Chairman, 1929), 11.

1. Hirosi Saito, "Japan's Attitude," Journal of Calendar Reform 4, no. 4 (1934): 106. 还可参看Benjamin C. Gruenberg, “Time in Our Changing Time," Journal of Calendar Reform 8, no. 2 (1938): 87–90, here 87.

1. League of Nations Publication No. C.977.M.542, Organization for Communication and Transit, Records and Texts Relating to the Fourth General Conference on Communications and Transit, Geneva, October 12–24, 1931, vol. 1, annex 9, 71; Rudolf Blochmann, "Die Kalenderreform, ein Hilfsmittel zur Förderung des Völkerfriedens,"Friedens-Warte 30, no. 3 (1930): n.p. 还可参看 the prewar volumes of the Journal of Calendar Reform from 1938 and 1939.

1. Alfred D. Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977); on accountancy see also Jacob Soll, The Reckoning: Financial Accountability and the Rise and Fall of Nations (New York: Basic Books, 2014).

1. Chandler, Visible Hand, 297.

1. "Says Business Men Back 13-Month Year," New York Times, October 26, 1928, 28; see also "Business Men Urge Calendar Reform: George Eastman Tells House Committee that 1929 Is Year for Parley on 13-Month Plan," New

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1. BArch R1501/125215, Annex, International Association of Railways, Committee for Accounting and Currencies, Subcommittee for International Railway Statistics, Calendar Reform, 5-6.

1. Ibid., 7.

1. Ibid., 12. Earlier, US and British railways were said to use thirteenmonth accounting schemes; 参见Jatsch, Kalenderreform und Völkerbund, 21.

1. BArch R1501/125214, Report of the National Committee on CalendarSimplifcation for the United States, Submitted to the Secretary of State(Rochester, NY: Office of the Chairman, 1929), 21. 委员会收到了总计达1433份已经完成的间卷，其中有488份表明偏爱方案中的一种，这些里面有480份表明偏爱有13个月的那份方案。

1. Benedict Anderson, The Specter of Comparison: Nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the World (London: Verso, 1998), 36. 关于种种迹象，参见 Zachary Karabell, The Leading Indicators: A Short History of the Numbers that Rule Our World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013).

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A. W. Sythoff), 125. On the early history of this "international congress of statisticians,"参见Jacques Dûpaquier and Michel Dûpaquier, eds., Histoire de la démographie: la statistique de la population des origines à 1914 (Paris: Libr. Académique Perrin, 1985), esp. 309; Alain Désrosières, "Histoire de la statistique: styles d'ecriture et usages sociaux," in The Age of Numbers: Statistical Systems and National Traditions, ed. Jean-Pierre Beaud and Jean-Guy Prevost (Quebec: Presses de 1'Université du Québec, 2000), 37–57; Marc-André Gagnon, "Les réseaux de l'internationalisme statistique (1885-1914)," in Beaud and Prevost, Age of Numbers, 189–219.

1. 关于会计、数据和一战，参见Anne Loft, Understanding Accounting in Its Social and Historical Context: The Case of Cost Accounting in Britain, 1914-1925 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1988), 147. 关于预报，参见Walter Friedman, Fortune Tellers: The Story of America's First Economic Forecasters (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).

1. Adam J. Tooze, Statistics and the German State, 1900-1945: The Making of Modern Economic Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Daniel Speich Chassé, Die Erfndung des Bruttosozialprodukts: Globale Ungleichheit in der Wissensgeschichte der Ökonomie (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013); 还可参看BArch R1501/125220, State of Calendar Reform (Result of the Inquiry by the Foreign Offce), November 25, 1929, 1; Patricia Clavin, Securing the World Economy: The Reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920-1946 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); BArch R1501/125220, Ministry of the Interior to Institute for Business Cycle Research, June 30, 1930.

1. 关于家庭生活和陪同美国男性外交官的女性的角色，参见Molly

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M. Wood, "Diplomatic Wives: The Politics of Domesticity and the 'Social Game'in the U.S. Foreign Service, 1905-1941," Journal of Women's History 12，no. 2(2005):142-165 （感谢Kristin Hoganson提供的参考文献）；“ Women in Fascist Ruled States Have Lost Even Normal Rights," Montreal Gazette, June 24, 1942, 1; Emma Gelders Sterne, Blueprints for the World of Tomorrow: A Summary of Peace Plans Prepared for the International Federation of Business and Professional Women, By Emma Gelders Sterne in Collaboration with Marie Ginsberg and Essy Key Rasmussen (New York: International Federation of Business and Professional Women, 1943).

1. Library of Congress Manuscript Division, World Calendar Association Records (此后写作LOC WCA), series 1: general files, 1931-1955, box 1, newspaper clipping, "She Leads a Crusade: Elisabeth Achelis Backs Calendar That Would Makc Every Year Alike," St. Petersburg Times, February 21, 1939.

1. LNA CTS, 1928-1932, 9a/25158/1487, Calendar Reform, World Calendar Association, Report of the World Calendar Association, Inc. to the Committee on Communication and Transit of the League of Nations, received June 16, 1931.

1. LOC WCA, series 1: general files, 1931–1955, box 3, Fourth European Trip, May—October 1933, Achelis to Editors of Journal of Calendar Reform, August 4, 1933.

1. LNA CTS, 1919-1927, 14/36384x/12478, Draft minutes of the second meeting of the committee of enquiry, May 20, 1924,1. 还可参看George Eastman, Do We Need Calendar Reform? (Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1927), 25; 还可参看Modification of the Calendar, Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Sixty- Seventh Congress,

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Second Session, On H. R. 3178, Serial 27, February 9, 1922 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1922), 15; Moses B. Cotsworth, The Rational Almanac: Tracing the Evolution of Modern Almanacs from Ancient Ideas of Time, and Suggesting Improvements (Acomb, UK: Self-published, 1902).

1. LNA CTS, 1928-1932, 9a/1487/1487, Calendar Reform, Correspondence with M. Cotsworth, letter, Haas to Cotsworth, July 26, 1928; and the materials in dossier 9a/14067/1487 on Cotsworth's tour in Latin America; dossier 9a/20987/1487 on a tour in the Far East and Canada; 9a/24495/1487 on Cotsworth's tour in the Near East.

1. LNA CTS, 1928–1932, 9a/24495/1487, Calendar Reform, Cotsworth's tour in the Near East, letter Cotsworth to Haas, January 14, 1931.

1. LNA CTS, 1933–1946, 9a/3743/1174, Calendar Reform, the World Calendar Association, memorandum, Essy Key-Lehmann, The League of Nations and Calendar Reform: Past, Present, and Future Developments, 3.

1. LNA CTS, 1919–1927, 14/22679/12478, Reform of the Calendar, Provisional Committee, League of Nations, Advisory Technical Committee on Communications and Transit, Note on the Reform of Calendar, Geneva, August 14, 1922, 12.

1. Modification of the Calendar, Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, 41, 5, 16.

1. Albert W. Whitney, The Place of Standardization in Modern Life,With Introduction by the Honorable Herbert Hoover (Washington, DC: Inter-American High Commission， 1924). 此前在泛美洲的语境下，历法改革一直被人提起。在1909年的泛美洲科学代表大会上，来自秘鲁的卡洛斯·A.赫斯（Carlos A. Hesse）提交了一份有13个月历法：Carlos A. Hesse, Proyectode reforma del calendario presentado al 4 congreso cientifco (Iquique, 1909).

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