Data and Goliath The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World

16: Social Norms and the Big Data Trade-off

I often turn to a statement: It is actually his paraphrase of an older statement by the abolitionist Theodore Parker, from 1853: “I do not pretend to understand the moral universe, the arc is a long one, my eye reaches but little ways. I cannot calculate the curve and complete the figure by experience of sight; I can divine it by conscience. But from what I see I am sure it bends towards justice.” garson (15 Nov 2012), “The arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice,” Quote Investigator, http://quoteinvestigator.com/2012/11/15/arc-of-universe.

INDEX

Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

Page numbers beginning with 243 refer to notes.

Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, 136, 139

accountability:

corporate surveillance and, 193–95, 196–97, 202

government surveillance and, 161–63, 168

Accretive Health, 108

Acxiom, 41, 52

AdBlock Plus, 56

Adobe, 60

advertising, personalized, 5, 53–56, 233, 269

by Amazon, 51

by Apple, 50–51

creepiness factor in, 54–55

data brokers and, see data broker industry

data mining and, 33, 34, 38

declining value of, 55–56

in Gmail, 129–30, 142–43

Internet surveillance and, 47, 48–51, 206

location data and, 39–40

as over-hyped, 54

in political campaigns, 54, 115–16

ubiquitous surveillance and, 53, 233

AdWords, 54

Afghanistan, 26

Afghanistan War, 65

airline tickets:

frequent flyer programs and, 219

pricing of, 109–10

airplane security, 93, 158

Alexander, Keith, 80, 138, 139, 220, 339

al Qaeda, 63

Amazon, 28, 59

as information middleman, 57

personalized advertising by, 51

Amdocs, 182

amicus briefs, 209

Amirahmadi, Hooshang, 103

Android phones, 58

Angry Birds, location data tracked by, 48
anonymity: data mining and, 42–45 inadequate protection of, 44–45 Internet and, 43–44, 131–33, 263–64 right to, 318 value of, 133–34
Anonymous (hacker group), 42–43
AOL, 43
Apple, 59–60, 221 customer loyalty to, 58 government demands for data from, 208, 354 iTunes store of, 57 personalized advertising and, 50–51 Wi-Fi password database of, 31
appliances, smart, 15–16
Applied Cryptography (Schneier), 119
Ardis, Jim, 101
Area SpA, 81
Army, US, recruiting ads of, 110–11
Arnbak, Axel, 179
Assange, Julian, 231
AT&T, 120, 122
Australia, in international intelligence partnerships, 76
automobile companies, GPS data collected by, 29–30
automobile insurance, usage-based pricing of, 112
automobiles, black box recorders in, 14
autonomy, right to, 318
Awad, Nihad, 103
backdoors, 86, 120–21, 123, 147–48, 169, 182, 314
Baker, Stewart, 23
banks, data mining by, 137
base rate fallacy, 323–24
Bates, John, 172, 337
behavior: anomalous, 39 data mining and, 38–40
Benkler, Yochai, 99, 341–42
Bentham, Jeremy, 32, 97
Beria, Lavrentiy, 92
Bermuda, NSA recording of all phone conversations in, 36
Berners-Lee, Tim, 210

Bill of Rights, 210

Bing, paid search results on, 113

Binney, Bill, 250, 274, 305

biometric data, 16, 211

BitLocker, 148, 215

Blue Coat, 82

Bluetooth IDs, 29

BND (German Intelligence), 77

BNP Paribas, 35–36

Booz Allen Hamilton, 80

Boston, Mass., 104

Boston Marathon bombings, 136, 138, 139

boyd, danah, 126, 178

Brazil, 188

Breivik, Anders, 229

Bremmer, Ian, 151

Brightest Flashlight Free, 46–47

Brin, David, 231

Broadwell, Paula, 42

browsers, 226 blocking cookies with, 49

Bryan, Leigh Van, 93

BT, 79

BULLRUN, 85

Bull SA, 81

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, 69

Bush, George H. W., 230

Bush, George W., 230

business models, surveillance-based, 50, 56, 113–14, 206

Buzzfeed, 28–29

cable companies, surveillance by, 47–48

CALEA (Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act; 1994), 83, 120, 165

need for repeal of, 182

Callahan, Mary Ellen, 162–63

Cameron, David, 222, 228

Canada, in international intelligence partnerships, 76

Caproni, Valerie, 83

Carnegie Mellon University, 41

Carter, Jimmy, 230

cash registers, as computers, 14

cell phone metadata:

NSA collection of, 20–21, 36, 37, 62, 138, 339

Stanford University experiment on, 21–22 cell phones: GPS-enabled, 3, 14 multiple functions of, 46 NSA’s remote activation of, 30 as surveillance devices, 1–3, 14, 28, 39, 46–47, 62, 100, 216–17, 219, 339 wiretapping of, 148 censorship, 94–95, 106–7, 187–88 self-, 95, 96 Census Bureau, US, 197 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 67 in domestic surveillance operations, 104 Senate Intelligence Committee hacked by, 102 Chambers, John, 122 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 232, 364 chat services, 13, 83, 119, 226 government surveillance of, 29, 62, 81 checks and balances: oversight and, 175 secrecy and, 100 Chicago Police Department, 160 China: censorship in, 94, 95, 150–51, 187, 237 cyberattacks from, 42, 73, 132, 142, 148, 149, 180 50 Cent Party in, 114 mass surveillance by, 70, 86, 140, 209 Uighur terrorists in, 219, 287 ChoicePoint, 79, 116 Christie, Chris, 102 Church committee, 176 Cisco, 85, 122 Clapper, James, 129, 130, 336 Clinton, Hillary, 101, 106 Clinton administration, 120 Clipper Chip, 120–21 cloud computing, 5, 59, 60 consumer rights and, 60, 221 government surveillance and, 122 incriminating materials and, 59, 272 CNET, 125 Cobham, 3, 244 Code of Fair Information Practices (1973), 194