人工智能和资本主义的未来

202

inhuman power

index

203

Human Brain Project 113 Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG) 105 Humans (TV show) 133

IBM 12, 36, 39, 42, 53, 66, 127
ICE (US Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency) 103
ILO (International Labour Organization) study 91
imagination 117, 118, 119, 121–3
Impett, Leo 164n2
inductive biases 122–3
industrial automation 74, 81–2, 90–1
industrial capitalism 51tab see also Fordism; large-scale industry
Industry 4.0 81 see also Internet of Things
infrastructure AI as 30–1, 52–6, 61–2 as general condition of production 30–1, 39, 46–9, 61–2 privatization of 39
integral accidents 151–2
intensification of work 17, 21
Internet of Things (IoT) 56–7, 62, 81
investment, since 2008 crash 45–6, 80
The Invisible Committee 147–8

Jameson, Frederic 149
Japan 22, 41, 95
Jenkins, Simon 89
Jeopardy 36
Jordan, Tim 78
journalism 102
Kai-Fu Lee 40–1, 109
Kaplan, Jerry 9, 11, 14–15
Kasparov, Garry 12, 36, 127
Kelly, Kevin 30, 61
Kiva Systems 84
Kjøsen, Atle Mikkola 58– 59, 131
knowledge capture 64
knowledge systems 12
Kurzweil, Raymond 1, 37, 129, 156,
159, 165n1

204

inhuman power

labour Marx’s concept of 110, 115–20, 124–7, 135–7 replacement of 58–60, 78–9, 82–94, 135–44 share of GDP 73 see also workers
labour theory of value 110, 132
Lake, Brenden M. 121
Land, Nick 7, 153, 156–8
Landing.ai 34
large-scale industry 49, 51tab
learning biases 122–3
Lebeuf, Carlene 59
left-accelerationist view 7, 146–56
legal status 136–7
Lenin, Vladimir 6
LinkedIn, discriminatory hiring and 96
Linux 54
lobbying 41
logistical capitalism see post-Fordism
logistics revolution 82–3
Lucas Plan 154
Luddism 166n2
luxury automated communism 146–7
machine learning (ML) see ML
MacLeod, Ken 27
Maluuba 113, 114
Mandel, Ernest 22
manufacture epoch 48–9, 51tab
manufacturing, automation of 74, 81–2, 90–1
Manzerolle, Vincent 58–9
Marin, Michael 53
Marks & Spencer 83
Marx, Karl architect and bee example 117, 119, 123–4 on circulation of capital 70–1 on concentration 43 on crises 17–18, 21 on general conditions of production 30–1, 39, 46–9, 61, 129

on general intellect 31–2, 63–4, 125–6 on inhuman power 2, 4 on labour and labour-power 110, 115–20, 124–7, 135–7 on machinery 15–21, 129, 147, 152–3; on automation 18–21, 62, 67, 69–70, 129; value, social forms and 130–5, 166n16 on surplus population 141, 142, 144 Mason, Paul 6 Mason, Zachary 27 Maven (Project) 103 maximalist view (‘it’s really happening, let’s speed it up’) 6–7, 145, 146–56 McAfee, Andrew 87–8 McCorduck, Pamela 9 means of cognition 31, 62–7 Mechanical Turk (MTurk) 78, 102 Media Mobilizing Project 105–6 Melville, Andrew 60 mercantilism 51tab Mercer, Rebekah 100 Mészáros, István 160 Microsoft AGI Project 113, 114 algorithm checking by 78 automated retailing and 86 cloud service of 42 current activities (overview) 38 ‘democratization’ of AI and 52–3 employee resistance at 103 vision of AI 30 middle class, hollowing out of 94–5 Mighty AI 77 military-industrial complexes 39–40, 74–5, 152–3 minimalist view 4–6, 145–6 ML (machine learning) AGI and 128–30 definition and types 11, 12–15 Marx’s visions and 21 oligopolies based on 32–8 production of 76–9 model building 76

index

205

monopolies see oligopolies/ monopolies
Moody, Kim 80
Moore, Jason 161
Moore, Phoebe 92–3
Moravec, Hans 12, 159
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa 22, 23
Morton, Timothy 119, 161
MTurk (Mechanical Turk) 78, 102
Musk, Elon 1, 4, 81, 113, 159
Narrative Science 65
narrow AI 2, 10, 11–12, 88, 127–9
National Security Agency (US) 100
natural form 132–3 see also use-value
Natural Language Generation (NLG) 65
necessary labour-time 136
Negarestani, Reza 166n3
neo-fascism/far right 73, 100–1, 157–8
Neoreaction 157–8
Neuralink 159
news stories, automated 65
Ng, Andrew 30, 34, 127
Nicolaus, Martin 67
Nilsson, Nils J. 128, 165n4
novum 25
Obama, Barack 101
object recognition 45, 122–4
Ocado 85
OECD studies 90
oligopolies/monopolies 41, 42, 43–4, 107–8
Omohundro, Stephen M. 137–8
one-shot learning 123
O’Neill, Cathy 86
open-source programming 53–6, 113
OpenAI 1, 65–6, 113
operaismo 67, 156 see also postoperaismo
O’Reilly, Tim 54, 150
organic composition of capital 17, 19, 24, 141, 155
Osborne, Michael 88

Page, Larry 1, 37
Panzieri, Raniero 155–6
paper clip example 151–2
Pasquinelli, Matteo 164n7
people analytics 92–7
perception 58–60, 67
perpetuum mobile 130–1
Pichai, Sundar 103
Pitts, Frederick Harry 19
platform capitalism 36, 55–6, 93–4
Playment 77
Plum Rains (Romano-Lax) 26
policing 87, 105
political composition 70
politics 99–101, 107–9
post-Fordism 50, 51tab, 64, 71–2
post-operaismo 31, 63, 64, 67, 164n7
postcapitalism 6, 19, 26, 146–9, 150,
151, 154, 155
posthuman feminism 161, 167n4
power see class power
primitive accumulation 143
production, automation of 74, 81–2,
90–1
productivity 16, 45–6
profit
falling rate of (FROP) 17–18, 19
globalization and 71–4
surplus-value and 24
proletarianization 22, 23, 135–8
PyTorch 53

Quill 65

racism and racial discrimination 87, 95–6, 104, 105–6, 157–8
radio-frequency identification (RFID) 56–7
Ramtin, Ramin 22–3
RCN (recursive cortical networks) 123–4
recessions/crises 17–18, 21, 39, 45–6, 73, 142
recommendations (algorithmic) 33, 37, 76, 84
reconfiguration debate 147–9
recursive cortical networks (RCN) 123–4
refusal, doctrine of 67, 155–6
regulation 40, 41, 55, 104–5
reification 149
reinforcement learning 14
Renaud, Karen 119, 125
resistance by Amazon employees 101–2, 103 by Foxconn employees 74 by general population: to AI and surveillance 104–5, 147–8; to capital’s power 73, 99–100; to tech companies 106–7 by Google employees 40, 103
‘Results of the Immediate Process of Production’ (Marx) 19–21
retail automated purchasing 140 automated stores 59–60, 61–2, 85–6 warehousing 84–5, 93, 101–2
revolution 17, 18, 153–5
Rich, Elaine 9
right-wing extremism 73, 100–1, 157–8
Roberts, Michael 46
Roberts, Sarah 78
Robinson, Kim Stanley 26
robots AI vs 2, 9–10 aspirations for 1 in industrial production 74, 81–2, 91 SED and 12 in service sector 68, 95 in warehouses 84–5
Romano-Lax, Andromeda 26
Rose, Geordie 1, 2
Rosenblat, Alex 94
R.U.R. (play) 133–5
Russia 41, 100
Salesforce 103
Samsung 1, 54–5
San Francisco, inequality in 106–7
Sanctuary Cognitive Systems Corporation 1
SAP 33–4
Saudi Arabia 137
Schmidt, Eric 107
science fiction 24–8, 68, 133–5
Searle, John 11, 126
security industry 80 see also defence industry
SED (situated, embodied and dynamical framework) 11, 12
Sedol, Lee 14, 88, 120–1
self-driving vehicles 33, 42–3, 45, 81, 82–3
sentiment analysis 66
serfdom 135
service sector jobs 68–9, 72, 82–7, 94–5, 101–2
Shanahan, Murray 127
shape recognition 122
Shewan, Dan 96
Sidewalk Labs 106–7
Siemens 81
Silicon Valley 106–7 see also tech industry
Silicon Valley De-Bug 105
Silver, Beverly 71
Singularity University 159
SIX 62
slavery 135, 137
Slow Tsunami view 143–4
smart cities 57, 106–7
smartphones 54–5, 99
Smith, Jason 142
Snowden, Edward 100
social brain 64
social factory 70–4
social forms 132–5
social individual 63–4
social media defection from 105 subsumption of general behaviour and 98–101 see also specific media
social relations of production 132–3, 139
socialism 2, 146–9
socially necessary labour 17–18, 24
software developers see employees of tech industry
Solow, Robert 45
spatial fixes 71–2
speculation 44
Srnicek, Nick 6, 36, 148, 163n2
Stallman, Richard 54
Stanczyk, Lucas 151
state, the conflict with tech industry 164n4 general conditions of production and 49 policing, use of AI in 87, 105 support of tech industry by 38–42, 74–5 surveillance by 100, 107 workers, moves against 72
Stiegler, Bernard 97–8
strikes 101–2
strong AI 11
Stross, Charles 26–7, 137
subsumption of general human behaviour 97–101 hypersubsumption 21, 51table Marx on 19–21 see also grammatization
Sunflowers (Watts) 27–8
supervised learning 14
supply-chain capitalism see post-Fordism
surplus labour-time 16
surplus populations 5, 23, 140–4
surplus-value expansion of as capital’s goal 3, 31, 135–6 fixed capital and 16, 79–80, 134 profit and 24 relative 20
surveillance military 40, 74–5, 80 resistance to 104–5 by the state 104–5, 147–8 of workers 92–4
Suvin, Darko 25
Sweden, automated stores in 85
symbolic AI 11
taxi drivers 102
Taylor, Astra 4–6
Taylorism 50, 51tab, 70, 92
Teamsters Union 82
tech industry backlash against 107–8 concentration in 41, 42, 43–4, 107–8 contract/precarious workers in 77–8, 79, 102 control of AI by 3–4 culture of 157–8 elite employees of: AI replacement of 78–9; competition for 34–5, 54, 55, 76; culture of 157–8; discrimination and 78–9, 95–6, 103; resistance by 40, 103; salaries for 35, 94, 103 open-source, commodification of by 53–6 state support of 39–42 strengthening of by financial crisis 73–4 UBI as reinforcement for 150–1
Tech Workers Coalition 103
technical composition of production 69–70
technical fixes 71–2, 73, 74–5
TechReset Canada 107
Techsploitation is Toxic 106
TensorFlow 53, 54–5
Tesla vehicles 81
Thiel, Peter 157
Thompson, James 30
Toronto 106–7, Google/Alphabet
Toscano, Alberto 147–9
Tractica 42
traffic (verkehrs) 67
transhumanism 159–61, 167n4
Trichter, Judd 26
trucking 82–3
Trudeau, Justin 107
Trump, Donald 40, 100–1
Turker Nation 102
Uber 82, 93, 102, 113, 114
unemployment 23–4, 87–91, 108–9, 140–4, 145 see also workers: replacement of
unions and worker coalitions 68, 82, 102, 103
universal basic income (UBI) 6, 143, 146, 150–1
unsupervised learning 14
urban development 57
use-value 71, 132, 134, 135–6 see also natural form
utilities see infrastructure
value 132, 134, 135–6 socially necessary labour and 17–18, 24 valorization of 139 see also surplus-value
variable capital AGI as 138–9 fixed capital vs 15, 17, 18, 69–70 see also labour
verkehrs (traffic) 67
Vicarious PFC 122–4
Virno, Paolo 56, 64–5, 66–7
Viv (n.d.) 30
Void Star (Mason) 27

206

inhuman power

index

207

208

inhuman power

wages, suppression of during 1970s/80s 72 by AI deployment 28–9, 80, 81, 142–3 by economic crises 18, 21, 80 as main issue today 93 Marx on 17, 135–6 mass movements to fight 70 neo-fascism as result of 73 resistance to 101–2 surplus population and 141–2 within tech industry 77, 93 by threat of AI 5, 74 women, minorities and 96

Walmart 34, 85–6
Wang, Pei 110, 128–9
Warp-CTC 53
Washington consensus 39
Watson (IBM) 36
Watts, Peter 27–8
weak AI 11
Westworld 68
white supremacists 157–8
Wilde, Lawrence 124
Williams, Alex 6, 148
Winfield, Alan 9–10
women see gender
workers algorithmic surveillance of 92–4 class composition and 69–75 doubly free 136–7 intensification of labour for 83, 84, 85, 90 Marx on machinery and 15–21 polarization among 94–5 precarity for 77–8, 93–4, 142–3, 150–1 qualitative employment issues for 91–7 replacement of 58–60, 78–9, 82–94, 135–44 resistance by 40, 101–2, 103 subsumption of 19–21 in tech industry (see tech industry) threat of technology as weapon against 4–5, 17, 74 training of 96–7 see also wages, suppression of

xenofeminism 167n4

Y Combinator 150
Yampolskiy, Roman V. 44–5
Yang, Dan 150
Yudkowsky, Eliezer 11

Zuckerberg, Mark 1

index

209